Skip to main content
Log in

The vulnerability of defensiveness: The impact of persuasion attempts and processing motivations on trust

  • Published:
Marketing Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

People are generally defense motivated during interactions with salesclerks. In this research, we demonstrate that defense motivation can make consumers vulnerable to a less stereotypical persuasion attempt as compared to a more stereotypical one. The consequence is that consumers are willing to pay a higher price and exhibit greater trust in a salesclerk who uses a less stereotypical persuasion attempt. Thus, the stereotypicality of a persuasion attempt is identified as one key factor that impacts perceptions of trustworthiness. In addition, we show that accuracy motivations can attenuate the positive effect of a less stereotypical persuasion attempt. In other words, accuracy motivations can protect consumers from being susceptible to less stereotypical persuasion attempts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. We would like to thank a reviewer for this suggestion.

References

  • Albarracín, D., & Mitchell, A. L. (2004). The role of defensive confidence in preference for proattitudinal information: How believing that one is strong can sometimes be a defensive weakness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), 1565–1584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artz, N., & Tybout, A. M. (1999). The moderating impact of quantitative information on the relationship between source credibility and persuasion: A persuasion knowledge model interpretation. Marketing Letters, 10(1), 51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M. C., & Kirmani, A. (2008). I know what you're doing and why you're doing it: The use of the persuasion knowledge model in consumer research. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. Herr, & F. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 549–575). Mahwah: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., & Chaiken, S. (1999). The heuristic-systematic model in it broader context. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 73–96). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., Shechter, D., & Chaiken, S. (1996). Getting at the truth or getting along: Accuracy-versus impression-motivated heuristic and systematic processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 262–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cialdini, A. (2008). Influence: Science and practice (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clee, M. A., & Wicklund, R. A. (1980). Consumer behavior and psychological reactance. Journal of Consumer Research, 6(4), 389–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darke, P. R., & Ritchie, R. J. (2007). The defensive consumer: Advertising deception, defensive processing, and distrust. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 114–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darke, P. R., Ashworth, L., & Main, J. K. (2010). Great expectations and broken promises: Misleading claims, product failure, expectancy disconfirmation and consumer distrust. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(3), 347–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Dreu, C. K. W., Beersma, B., Stroebe, K., & Euwema, M. C. (2006). Motivated information processing, strategic choice, and the quality of negotiated agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(6), 927–943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DePaulo, P. J., & Bella, M. (1989). Can deception by salespersons and customers be detected through nonverbal behavioral cues. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19(18), 1552–1577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easley, R. W., Bearden, W. O., & Teel, J. E. (1995). Testing predictions derived from inoculation theory and the effectiveness of self-disclosure communications strategies. Journal of Business Research, 34, 93–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fein, S. (1996). Effects of suspicion on attributional thinking and the correspondence bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 11164–11184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimmons, G. J., & Lehmann, D. R. (2004). Reactance to recommendations: When unsolicited advice yields contrary responses. Marketing Science, 23(1), 82–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, K., & Voloudakis, M. (1999). Attributions for expectancy: Violating changes in affectionate behavior in Platonic friendships. The Journal of Psychology, 133(1), 32–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friestad, M. R., & Wright, P. (1994). The persuasion knowledge model: How people cope with persuasion attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2012). An analytical primer and computational tool for observed variable moderation, mediation, and conditional process modeling. (Working paper, School of Communication, Ohio State University).

  • Janssen, L., Fennis, B. M., & Pruyn, H. (2010). Forewarned is forearmed: Conserving self-control strength to resist social influence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 911–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., & Frey, D. (2005). Giving advice or making decisions in someone else's place: The influence of impression, defense, and accuracy motivation on the search for new information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 977–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. E. (1964). Ingratiation. New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardes, F. R., Cronley, M. L., & Kim, J. (2006). Construal-level effects on preference stability, preference-behavior correspondence, and the suppression of competing brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(2), 135–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kivetz, R. (2005). Promotion reactance: The role of effort-reward congruity. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(March), 725–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, E. S., & Linn, J. A. (2004). Approach-avoidance model of persuasion: Alpha and omega strategies for change. In E. S. Knowles & J. A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 117–148). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Forleo, G. B. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6), 503–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A., & Chaiken, S. (1992). Defense processing of personally relevant health messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(6), 669–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C. G., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Attitude representation theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (31st ed., pp. 265–343). NY: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, S. R., & Prislin, R. (1998). Motivated cognitive processing and attitude change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 715–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Main, K. J., Dahl, D. W., & Darke, P. R. (2007). Deliberative and automatic bases of suspicion: Empirical evidence of the sinister attribution error. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(1), 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallin, M. L., & Pullins, E. B. (2009). The moderating effect of control systems on the relationship between commission and salesperson intrinsic motivation in a customer oriented environment. Industrial Marketing Management, 38, 769–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nail, P. R., MacDonald, G., & Levy, D. (2000). Proposal of a found-dimensional model of social response. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 454–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. B. R. (2000). On the origin and distinctiveness of skepticism toward advertising. Marketing Letters, 11(4), 311–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, L., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Reactions to black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(November), 885–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C., & Dunn, M. A. (1998). Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(November), 1139–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strutton, D., Pelton, L. E., & Tanner, J. F. (1996). Shall we gather in the garden: The effect of ingratiatory behaviors on buyer trust in salespeople. Industrial Marketing Management, 25(2), 151–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W. (2000). Attitude change: Persuasion and social influence. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 539–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (1981). Stages in the analysis of persuasive messages: The role of causal attributions and message comprehension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 246–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W., & Quinn, J. M. (2003). Forewarned and forearmed? Two meta-analytic syntheses of forewarnings of influence appeals. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 119–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for funding that was provided to both authors in terms of a doctoral fellowship to the first author and a Standard Research Grant to the second author. The authors thank Antonia Mantonakis and Mei-Ling Wei for helpful suggestions and comments on a previous draft and Anne Eastman and Leta Bayak for their help in conducting the field study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kelley J. Main.

Additional information

Wenxia Guo and Kelley J. Main contributed equally to this manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Guo, W., Main, K.J. The vulnerability of defensiveness: The impact of persuasion attempts and processing motivations on trust. Mark Lett 23, 959–971 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-012-9197-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-012-9197-y

Keywords

Navigation