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Aggressive and Prosocial? Examining Latent Profiles of Behavior, Social Status, Machiavellianism, and Empathy

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Abstract

The present study tests whether aggression and prosocial behavior can coexist as part of a socially functional and adaptive profile among early adolescents. Using a person-centered approach, the study examined early adolescents’ likelihood of being classified into profiles involving aggressive and prosocial behavior, social status (popular, liked, cool), machiavellianism, and both affective and cognitive components of empathy (empathic concern and perspective taking, respectively). Participants were 1170 early adolescents (10–12 years of age; 52 % male) from four schools in metropolitan Santiago, Chile. Through latent profile analysis, three profiles emerged (normative-low aggressive, high prosocial-low aggressive, and high aggressive-high popular status). Both empathic concern and perspective taking were higher in the high prosocial-low aggressive profile, whereas the high aggressive-high popular status profile had the lowest scores on both empathy components as well as machiavellianism. No profile emerged where aggressive and prosocial behaviors were found to co-exist, or to be significantly above the mean. The results underscore that aggressive behavior is highly contextual and likely culturally specific, and that the study of behavioral profiles should consider social status as well as socio-emotional adjustment indicators. These complex associations should be taken into consideration when planning prevention and intervention efforts to reduce aggression or school bullying and to promote positive peer relationships.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Studies-ICIIS, GRANT: CONICYT/FONDAP/15110006 and by Programa de Investigación Asociativa-Comisión Nacional para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (PIA-CONICYT), Project Anillos in Social Sciences and Humanities “Normalidad, Diferencia y Educación” (SOC1103).

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The authors report no conflict of interests.

Author contributions

CB conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the measurement and drafted the manuscript; MB conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript; JDC performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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  1. Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile

    Christian Berger

  2. Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA

    Milena Batanova

  3. The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Jessica Duncan Cance

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Correspondence to Christian Berger.

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Berger, C., Batanova, M. & Cance, J.D. Aggressive and Prosocial? Examining Latent Profiles of Behavior, Social Status, Machiavellianism, and Empathy. J Youth Adolescence 44, 2230–2244 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0298-9

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