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Control of Two-photon Fluorescence of Common Dyes and Conjugated Dyes

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Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of the selective excitation of two-photon fluorescence from various pairs of dyes and dyes in different conjugation states with tailored pulse shapes found with a genetic algorithm (GA). We investigate a number of biologically important dyes, and include dyes conjugated to trastuzumab (Herceptin®) and to a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. We consider in detail the ability of tailored pulse shaping to discriminate dyes with significant spectral overlap. Our procedure for adaptive pulse shaping includes power-law and chirp-scaling checks to prevent trivial convergences. The GA uses a multiplicative fitness parameter in a graded search method that converges on pulse shapes that not only differentiate two-photon processes, but do so in a high signal regime. We consider the results in terms of not only the absolute maximum ratio of discrimination achieved, but also present the evolutionary course of the GA and compare the improvement to a quantitative measure of the noise level. We also implement a time-domain acousto-optic measurement of two-photon excitation cross-section spectra. The results show that the ability to discriminate dyes is determined almost entirely by their differences in two-photon excitation cross section.

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Acknowledgements

This project was supported in full or in part by the cooperative award ESEI-2900-TR-07 from the Estonian Science Foundation and the United States Civilian Research and Development Foundation. During this investigation, ET was supported initially by the University of Michigan MD/PhD program and then by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. The authors are indebted to Gary Luker, Andrzej Myc, and Thommey Thomas for samples. A visit by Daniel Kaplan was instrumental in proper operation of the Dazzler and also to develop physical constraint programming in the GA. We would also like to express our gratitude to Daniel Kane and Rick Trebino for numerous stimulating phone conversations about the FROG technique.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, EECS Department, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2099, USA

    Eric R. Tkaczyk, Jing Yong Ye & Theodore B. Norris

  2. Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0648, USA

    Eric R. Tkaczyk, Jing Yong Ye, James R. Baker Jr. & Theodore B. Norris

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2099, USA

    Alan H. Tkaczyk

  4. Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014, Tartu, Estonia

    Alan H. Tkaczyk & Koit Mauring

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  1. Eric R. Tkaczyk
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  2. Alan H. Tkaczyk
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Correspondence to Eric R. Tkaczyk.

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Tkaczyk, E.R., Tkaczyk, A.H., Mauring, K. et al. Control of Two-photon Fluorescence of Common Dyes and Conjugated Dyes. J Fluoresc 19, 517–532 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-008-0441-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-008-0441-z

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