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Electrochemical in situ X-ray probing in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

  • Batteries and Supercapacitors
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Abstract

In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), as a widely used tool in probing the structure evolution in electrochemical process as well as the energy storage and capacity fading mechanism, has shown great effects with optimizing and building better batteries. Based on the research progresses of in situ XRD in recent years, we give a review of the development and the utilization of this powerful tool in understanding the complex electrochemical mechanisms. The studies on in situ XRD are divided into three sections based on the reaction mechanisms: alloying, conversion, and intercalation reactions in lithium-ion batteries. The alloying reaction, in which lithium ions insert into Si, Sb, and Ge is firstly reviewed, followed by a discussion about the recent development of in situ XRD on conversion reaction materials (including metal oxides and metal sulfides) and intercalation reaction materials (including cathode materials and some structure-stable anode materials). As for sodium-ion batteries, we divide these researches on structure evolution into two categories: cathode and anode materials. Finally, the future development of in situ XRD is discussed.

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Figure 1

a Reproduced with permission from Hatchard and Dahn [21]. b Reproduced with permission from Li et al. [23]. c Reproduced with permission from Misra et al. [24]. d Reproduced with permission from Hewitt et al. [27]

Figure 2

Reproduced with permission from Baggetto and Notten [32]

Figure 3

a Reproduced with permission from An et al. [37]. b Reproduced with permission from Kim et al. [41]

Figure 4

a Reproduced with permission from Luo et al. [45]. b Reproduced with permission from Débart et al. [52]

Figure 5

a Reproduced with permission from Shen et al. [58]. b Reproduced with permission from Liang et al. [60]. c Reproduced with permission from Li et al. [61]

Figure 6

a Reproduced with permission from Pang et al. [68]. b Reproduced with permission from Dong et al. [75]

Figure 7

Reproduced with permission from Meng et al. [81]

Figure 8

Reproduced with permission from Hirayama et al. [87]

Figure 9

a Reproduced with permission from Gibot et al. [91]. b Reproduced with permission from Chen et al. [94]. c Reproduced with permission from Liu et al. [95]

Figure 10

a Reproduced with permission from Ellis et al. [100]. b Reproduced with permission from Senguttuvan et al. [103]

Figure 11

Reproduced with permission from Xu et al. [110]

Figure 12

a Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. [113]. b Reproduced with permission from Ou et al. [114]

Figure 13

Reproduced with permission from Sauvage et al. [119]

Figure 14

a Reproduced with permission from Jian et al. [122]. b Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. [123]

Figure 15

a Reproduced with permission from Zhu et al. [124]. b Reproduced with permission from Mu et al. [125]. c Reproduced with permission from Xie et al. [14]

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0202603), the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB934103), the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2013DFA50840), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51521001, 51272197, 51302203), the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (51425204), the Hubei Province Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (2014CFA035), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WUT: 2015-PY-2, 2016III001, 2016III002, 2016III003, 2016III004, and 2016III006).

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    1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China

      Guobin Zhang, Tengfei Xiong, Liang He, Mengyu Yan, Kangning Zhao, Xu Xu & Liqiang Mai

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    Correspondence to Xu Xu or Liqiang Mai.

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    Guobin Zhang and Tengfei Xiong have contributed equally to this work.

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    Zhang, G., Xiong, T., He, L. et al. Electrochemical in situ X-ray probing in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. J Mater Sci 52, 3697–3718 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0732-8

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