Abstract
This work describes the electrodeposition of ZnO layers on p-type copper indium gallium diselenide [Cu(InGa)Se2] substrates via nitrate ions reduction in the presence of thiourea. The substrate stability domain has been determined by means of cyclic voltammetry in acidic medium. The optimal deposition range has been studied in zinc nitrate electrolyte containing concentrations of thiourea between 0 and 1.0 M. Zinc oxide films have been photoelectrodeposited in a potential range between − 0.95 and − 1.1 V/MSE depending on thiourea concentration. The morphology and composition analyses by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy have highlighted that the deposited films are composed of well-crystallized ZnO presenting wurtzite-type structure with no significant sulfur incorporation.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jackson P, Wuerz R, Hariskos D, Lotter E, Witte W, Powalla M (2016) Cover picture: effects of heavy alkali elements in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6%. Phys Status Solidi 10:577–646
Naghavi N, Abou-Ras D, Allsop N, Barreau N, Bücheler S, Ennaoui A, Fischer CH, Guillen C, Hariskos D, Herrero J, Klenk R, Kushiya K, Lincot D, Menner R, Nakada T, Platzer-Björkman C, Spiering S, Tiwari AN, Törndahl T (2010) Buffer layers and transparent conducting oxides for chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 based thin film photovoltaics: present status and current developments. Prog Photovolt 18:411–433
Kamada R, Yagioka T, Adachi S, Handa A, Tai KF, Kato T, Sugimoto H (2016) New world record Cu(In, Ga)(Se,S)2 thin film solar cell efficiency beyond 22%. In: IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Portland, pp 1287–1297
Hubert C, Naghavi N, Canava B, Etcheberry A, Lincot D (2007) Thermodynamic and experimental study of chemical bath deposition of Zn(S,O,OH) buffer layers in basic aqueous ammonia solutions. Cell results with electrodeposited CuIn(S,Se)2 absorbers. Thin Solid Films 515:6032–6035
Tsin F, Hariskos D, Lincot D, Rousset J (2016) Photo-assisted electrodeposition of a ZnO front contact on a p/n junction. Electrochim Acta 220:176–183
Peulon S, Lincot D (1998) Mechanistic study of cathodic electrodeposition of zinc oxide and zinc hydroxychloride films from oxygenated aqueous zinc chloride solutions. J Electrochem Soc 145:864–874
Pauporté T, Lincot D (2001) Hydrogen peroxide oxygen precursor for zinc oxide electrodeposition I. Deposition in perchlorate medium. J Electrochem Soc 148:C310
Yoshida T, Komatsu D, Shimokawa N, Minoura H (2004) Mechanism of cathodic electrodeposition of zinc oxide thin films from aqueous zinc nitrate baths. Thin Solid Films 451–452:166–169
Izaki M, Omi T (1996) Transparent zinc oxide films prepared by electrochemical reaction. Appl Phys Lett 68:2439–2440
Gallanti S, Chassaing E, Lincot D, Naghavi N (2015) Influence of thiourea addition on the electrodeposition of ZnO from zinc nitrate aqueous solutions. Electrochim Acta 178:225–233
Lincot D, Gomez Meier H, Kessler J, Vedel J (1990) Photoelectrochemical study of p-type copper indium diselenide thin films for photovoltaic applications. Sol Energy Mater 20:67–79
Powalla M, Cemernjak M, Eberhardt J, Kessler J, Kniese R, Mohring HD, Dimmler B (2006) Large area CIGSe modules: pilot line production and new developments. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90:3158–3164
Valderrama RC, Sebastian PJ, Miranda-Hernandez M, Pantoja Enriquez J, Gamboa SA (2004) Studies on the electrochemical stability of CIGS in H2SO4. J Photochem Photobiol 168:75–80
Lincot D, Vedel J (1989) Behavior of cadmium telluride in aqueous solutions under reductive conditions: part 1. Impedance studies under conditions of weak cathodic decomposition. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 269:305–322
Lincot D, Vedel J (1985) Surface modifications and recombination processes at the n-CdTe/electrolyte interface. J Cryst Growth 72:426–431
Vigneron J, Herlem M, Khoumri EM, Etcheberry A (2002) Cathodic decomposition of InP studied by XPS. Appl Surf Sci 201:51–55
Clolus E (2003) Etude photoelectrochimique de couches minces semiconductrices polycristallines de Cu(In,Ga)Se2 en milieu aqueux, Ph.D. thesis, UPMC
Reddy SJ, Krishnan VR (1970) Electrochemical oxidation of thiourea. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 27:473–476
Opasanont B, Kuba AG, Louderback EG, Roy Choudhury K, Baxter JB (2014) Relating deposition conditions to Zn(S,O,OH) thin film properties for photovoltaic buffer layers using a continuous flow microreactor. Chem Mater 26:6674–6683
Kim YS, Park YC, Ansari SG, Lee BS, Shin HS (2003) Effect of substrate temperature on the bonded states of indium tin oxide thin films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 426:124–131
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gallanti, S., Chassaing, E., Bouttemy, M. et al. Photoelectrochemical deposition of ZnO films via nitrate ions reduction in the presence of thiourea on p-type Cu(In,Ga)Se2 semiconducting electrodes for photovoltaic applications. J Appl Electrochem 47, 1283–1291 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-017-1119-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-017-1119-5