Skip to main content
Log in

Incremental approaches to establishing trust

  • Published:
Experimental Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigate cooperation using an incremental investment game in which the first-mover has the ability to make small, but increasing incremental investments in their counterpart. Our experiment is designed to test whether establishing trust in small increments is more effective than alternatives, including a one-shot investment game, a decrease only condition where the amount the first-mover sends to the second-mover must be less than the amount previously sent, and an unrestricted condition where the first-mover is not restricted by the amount previously sent. Although results were mixed, broadly, iteration affords greater cooperation than one-shot games and, when given the choice, participants seem to prefer to build trust gradually. Implications for institutional design are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andreoni, J., & Samuelson, L. (2006). Building rational cooperation. Journal of Economic Theory, 127, 117–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blonski, M., & Probst, D. (2004). The emergence of trust (Working Paper). University of Mannheim.

  • Bohnet, I., & Zeckhauser, R. (2004). Trust, risk, and betrayal. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 467–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohnet, I., Hermann, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2005). The elasticity of trust: Evidence from Kuwait, Oman, Switzerland, The United Arab Emirate, and the United States (Working Paper). Harvard University.

  • Bolton, G., Katok, E., & Ockenfels, A. (2003). How effective are electronic reputation mechanisms? An experimental investigation (Working Paper). University of Cologne.

  • Buchan, N., & Croson, R. (2004). The boundaries of trust: Own and others’ actions in the US and China. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 485–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction. New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J., Burks, S., & Verhoogen, E. (2005). Comparing students to workers: The effects of social framing on behavior in distribution games. In J. Carpenter, J. List & G. Harrison (Eds.), Research in experimental economics. Field experiments in economics (pp. 261–290).

  • Choi, S., Gale, D., & Kariv, S. (2006). Sequential equilibrium in monotone games: Theory-based analysis of experimental data (Working Paper). New York University.

  • Croson, R., & Buchan, N. (1999). Gender and culture: International experimental evidence from trust games. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 89, 386–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorsey, R. E. (1992). The voluntary contributions mechanism with real time revisions. Public Choice, 73, 261–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J., Ochs, J., & Vesterlund, L. (2006). Giving little by little: Dynamic voluntary contribution games (Working Paper 232). University of Pittsburgh.

  • Dufwenberg, M., & Kirchsteiger, G. (2004). A theory of sequential reciprocity. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 47(2), 268–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckel, C., & Wilson, R. (2003). The human face of game theory: Trust and reciprocity in sequential games. In E. Ostrom & J. Walker (Eds.), Trust and reciprocity: Interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research (pp. 245–274). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 54, 293–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R., Gilovich, T., & Regan, D. (1993). The evolution of one-shot cooperation. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 247–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, J. W., & Hammerstein, P. (1991). To trade or not to trade; That is the question. In R. Selten (Ed.), Game equilibrium models. I. Evolution and game dynamics (pp. 257–275). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, D. (1995). Dynamic coordination games. Economic Theory, 5, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gale, D. (2001). Monotone games with positive spillovers. Games and Economic Behavior, 37, 295–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Gintis, H., Fehr, E., Camerer, C., McElreath, R., Gurven, M., Hill, K., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., Tracer, D., Marlow, F., Patton, J., Alvard, M., Gil-White, F., & Henrich, N. (2005). Economic Man’ in cross-cultural perspective: Ethnography and experiments from 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(6), 795–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, H., & Danielson, A. (2005). Tropic versus Nordic trust: Experimental evidence from Tanzania and Sweden. The Economic Journal, 115, 505–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, K., & Kurzban, R. (2007, in press). Public goods games in Japan: Cultural and individual differences in reciprocity. Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective.

  • Kurzban, R., & Houser, D. (2005). Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: A complement to evolutionary theory and simulations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 102(5), 1803–1807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzban, R., McCabe, K., Smith, V., & Wilson, B. J. (2001). Incremental commitment and reciprocity in a real-time public goods game. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(12), 1662–1673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laffont, J. J., & Tirole, J. (1988). The dynamics of incentive contracts. Econometrica, 56(5), 1153–1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. (1996). Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers in theory and research (pp. 114–139). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindskold, S. (1978). Trust development, the GRIT proposal and the effects of conciliatory acts on conflict and cooperation. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 772–793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, L., & Matthews, S. (2000). Dynamic voluntary contribution to a public project. Review of Economic Studies, 67, 327–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, K., Rigdon, M., & Smith, V. (2002). Cooperation in single play, two-person extensive form games between anonymously matched decision makers. In R. Zwick & A. Rapoport (Eds.), Experimental Business Research (pp. 49–67). Boston: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, K., Rigdon, M., & Smith, V. (2003). Positive reciprocity and intentions in trust games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 52(2), 267–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J., & Repullo, R. (1988). Subgame perfect implementation. Econometrica, 56(5), 1191–1220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortmann, A., Fitzgerald, J., & Boeing, C. (2000). Trust, reciprocity, and social history: A re-examination. Experimental Economics, 3, 81–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C. E. (1962). An alternative to war or surrender. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillutla, M. M., Malhotra, D., & Murnighan, K. (2003). Attributions of trust and the calculus of reciprocity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 448–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitchford, R., & Snyder, C. M. (2004). A solution to the hold-up problem involving gradual investment. Journal of Economic Theory, 14, 88–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, A., Stein, W., Parco, J., & Nicholas, T. (2003). Equilibrium play and adaptive learning in a three-person centipede game. Games and Economic Behavior, 43, 239–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, G., & Renwick, J. S. (2003). The development of cooperative relationships: An experiment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270, 2279–2283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, G., & Sheratt, T. N. (1998). Development of cooperative relationships through increasing investment. Nature, 394, 175–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling, T. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slonim, R., Engle-Warnick, J., & Helper, S. (2001). Context in repeated trust games (Working Paper). Case Western Reserve.

  • Smith, V. (1991). Papers in experimental economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. (2002). Starting small and commitment. Games and Economic Behavior, 38(1), 176–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J. M., Malhotra, D., & Murninghan, J. K. (2004). Normal acts of irrational trust: Motivated attributions and the trust development process. In R. M. Kramer & B. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 75–101). London: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamagishi, T. (2003). Cross-societal experimentation on trust: A comparison of the United States and Japan. In E. Ostrom & J. Walker (Eds.), Trust and reciprocity: Interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research (pp. 352–370). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zak, P. J., & Knack, S. (2001). Trust and growth. Economic Journal, 111(470), 295–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary L. Rigdon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kurzban, R., Rigdon, M.L. & Wilson, B.J. Incremental approaches to establishing trust. Exper Econ 11, 370–389 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-007-9173-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-007-9173-1

Keywords

JEL

Navigation