Abstract
We made an inventory of nitrate (NO3-N) enrichment in surface and groundwater systems in the Hooghly district of India owing to intensive farming with high fertilizer doses as a function of quantity of fertilizers use, soil characteristics, types of crop grown, depth of groundwater sampling and also N-load in soil profiles. Water samples were collected from different sources at 412 odd sites spread over in 17 blocks of the district along with representative soil profiles. On average, the study area had high clay and NO3-N in soil profiles with an increasing and decreasing trends along depth, respectively. The NO3-N content both in surface and groundwater varied from 0.01 μg mL−1 to 4.56 μg mL−1, being well below the threshold limit of 10 μg mL−1 fixed by WHO for drinking purpose. The content decreased with increasing depth of wells (r = −0.39**) and clay content of soil profiles (r = −0.31**). It, however, increased with increasing rate of fertilizer application (r = 0.72**), NO3-N load in soil profiles (r = 0.85**) and was higher in areas where shallow- rather than deep-rooted crops are grown. Results indicated even under fairly high quantity of fertilizer use, groundwater of the study area is safe for drinking purpose.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bajwa, M. S., Singh B., & Singh, P. (1993). Nitrate pollution of groundwater under different systems of land management in the Punjab. In P. Narain (Ed.), Proceedings of first agricultural science congress (pp. 223–230). New Delhi: National Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Bijay-Singh, & Sekhon, G. S. (1976). Some measures of reducing leaching loss of nitrates beyond potential rooting zone. I. Proper co-ordination of nitrogen splitting with water management. Plant and Soil, 44, 193–200.
Bijay-Singh, & Singh, Y. (2004). Balanced fertilization for environmental quality. Fertilizer News, 49, 107–108 and 111–113.
Bijay-Singh, Singh, Y., & Sekhon, G. S. (1995). Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 20, 167–184.
Deshpande, S. M., Kaplay, R. D., & Kulkarni, S. G. (1999). Nitrate contamination in groundwater of Paithan, Aurangabad District. Pollution Research, 18, 191–192.
Gumtang, R. J., Pampolino, M. F., Tuong, T. P., & Bucao, D. (1999). Groundwater dynamics and quality under intensive cropping systems. Experimental Agriculture, 35, 153–166.
Gupta, N., & Chandrasekharan, H. (1999). Status of nitrate contamination in groundwater near Delhi: A case study. Royal Society of Chemistry (Spec. Publ.), 237, 240–249.
Kar, S., Khan, D. K., & Santra, S. C. (2003). Status of nitrate concentration in groundwater: A case study in Nadia district, West Bengal, India. Science and Culture, 69, 379–382.
Kundu, M. C. (2007). Studies on nitrate loading in groundwater due to intensive cultivation in Hooghly district of West Bengal. Ph.D. thesis, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. pp. 166.
Ladha, J. K., Pathak, H., Krupnik, T. J., Six, J., & van Kessel, C. (2005). Efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in cereal production-retrospect and prospects. Advances in Agronomy, 87, 85–156.
Nielsen, N. E., & Jensen, H. E. (1990). Nitrate leaching for loamy soils as affected by crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizer application. Fertilizer Research, 26, 197–207.
Nolan, B. T. (2001). Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility to nitrate in shallow ground waters of the United States. Ground Water, 39, 290–299.
Owens, L. B. (2003). Groundwater pollution by nitrogen fertilizers. Encyclopedia of Water Science, DOI 10.108/E-EWS 120010199, 369–373.
Power, N. J., & Saikh, I. J. (1995). Nitrate pollution of groundwater from shallow basaltic aquifers, Deccan Trap Hydrologic Province, India. Environmental Geology, 25, 197–204.
Sarkar, D., Das, T. H., Chattopadhyay, T., & Velayutham, M. (2001). Soils of Hooghly district for optimising land use (pp. 91). Nagpur: NBSS&LUP.
Srinivasa Rao, N. (1998). Impact of clayey soils on nitrate pollution in the groundwater of the Lower Vamsadhara River basin, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 43, 701–714.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kundu, M.C., Mandal, B. & Sarkar, D. Assessment of the potential hazards of nitrate contamination in surface and groundwater in a heavily fertilized and intensively cultivated district of India. Environ Monit Assess 146, 183–189 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0070-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0070-z