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Tendencies Toward Mania and Tendencies Toward Depression Have Distinct Motivational, Affective, and Cognitive Correlates

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Abstract

Debate has emerged in the literature on mania, with some evidence suggesting that tendencies toward mania relate to negative emotional and cognitive styles, and other evidence suggesting that tendencies toward mania relate to positive emotional and cognitive styles. An initial study examined how tendencies toward mania (as measured by the Hypomanic Personality Scale) and tendencies toward depression (as measured by the Inventory to Diagnose Depression-Lifetime version) were related to diverse measures pertaining to incentive and threat motivations, negative and positive emotionality, and cognitive responses to emotion, among 238 undergraduates. Tendencies toward mania related to a self-reported pattern of reacting intensely to positive stimuli, both cognitively and emotionally, as well as lower sensitivity to threatening stimuli and less restraint over impulses. In contrast, tendencies toward depression related to a pattern of reacting more strongly to negative stimuli emotionally and cognitively, as well as deficits in the ability to savor positive affect. This pattern was re-confirmed in a second sample of 394 undergraduates, who completed many of the same measures plus a measure of current mood symptoms. This second sample confirmed that the pattern was not mood-state dependent. Implications for future research and clinical work are discussed, including an intriguing conceptual parallel in the distinct sets of correlates of depressive versus manic tendencies.

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Notes

  1. Revision rendered more broadly applicable a few items that had been focused on school-related situations; expansion fleshed out slightly two scales that had been quite brief.

  2. The HPS contains five items that cover overly positive cognitive content (e.g., “I expect that someday I will succeed in several different professions,” “There are so many fields I could succeed in that it seems a shame to have to pick one”). An HPS score was calculated excluding these 5 items. Findings were entirely comparable with this version of the HPS.

  3. A subset of this sample (n = 200) completed the WASSUP at a time that ranged from 2–4 weeks after the other measures had been completed. Reports of setting the goal of popular fame correlated .38 with HPS and .07 with IDD-L; a partial correlation similar to those in Table 2 yielded a partial correlation of .26, P < .001, between popular fame and HPS.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dan Fulford for assistance in data collection, and S. T. Calvin for consultation in choosing measures. The authors were supported by the National Science Foundation (BCS0544617), the National Cancer Institute (CA64710), and the National Institute of Mental Health (MH076021).

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0751, USA

    Charles S. Carver & Sheri L. Johnson

  2. Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Sheri L. Johnson

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Correspondence to Charles S. Carver.

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Carver, C.S., Johnson, S.L. Tendencies Toward Mania and Tendencies Toward Depression Have Distinct Motivational, Affective, and Cognitive Correlates. Cogn Ther Res 33, 552–569 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9213-y

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