Abstract
We have used oligonucleotide tiling arrays to construct genome-wide high-resolution histone acetylation maps for fission yeast. The maps are corrected for nucleosome density and reveal surprisingly uniform patterns of modifications for five different histone acetylation sites. We found that histone acetylation and methylation patterns are generally polar, i.e. they change as a function of distance from the ATG codon. A typical fission yeast gene shows a distinct peak of histone acetylation around the ATG and gradually decreased acetylation levels in the coding region. The patterns are independent of gene length but dependent on the gene expression levels. H3K9Ac shows a stronger peak near the ATG and is more reduced in the coding regions of genes with high expression compared with genes with low expression levels. H4K16Ac is strongly reduced in coding regions of highly expressed genes. A second microarray platform was used to confirm the 5′ to 3′ polarity effects observed with tiling microarrays. By comparing coding region histone acetylation data in HDAC mutants and wild type, we found that hos2 affects primarily the 5′ regions, sir2 and clr6 affect middle regions, and clr6 affects 3′ regions. Thus, mechanisms involving different HDACs modulate histone acetylation levels to maintain a 5′ to 3′ polarity within the coding regions.
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Acknowledgements
K.E. is a Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow supported by grants from Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council (VR), and the EU ‘Epigenome’ network of excellence. We thank Michael Grunstein (UCLA) for kindly providing antibodies against acetylated histones and David Allis (Rockefeller) for kindly providing the H3K9Me2 antibody. We thank Carolina Bonilla (University College Sodertorn) and Marika Rönnholm (KI, Dept. Biosciences Novum) for their kind help with microarray experiments. We also thank all group members, in particular Rebecca Silverstein, for critical reading of the manuscript.
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The figure represents the basic definitions based on gene orientation used to develop a new nomenclature for S. pombe microarray tiling fragments.
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Sinha, I., Wirén, M. & Ekwall, K. Genome-wide patterns of histone modifications in fission yeast. Chromosome Res 14, 95–105 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-005-1023-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-005-1023-4