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Multiple introductions of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in northeastern North America based on microsatellite genotypes, and implications for biological control

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Abstract

The invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) has been moved from Eurasia into regions in the Southern Hemisphere, where extensive tree mortality has occurred in pines (Pinus spp.) introduced for forestry. More recently this woodwasp was found in northeastern North America, where pines are native, and it is a species of concern due to the economic importance of pines. Understanding the genetic diversity of North American S. noctilio points to new areas of inquiry, particularly regarding the ability of parasitic nematodes to sterilize woodwasps, which could provide control methods in the US and/or Canada. We investigated the genetic diversity of 924 S. noctilio from nine populations from New York and Pennsylvania (US), Ontario (CA), and Queensland (AU) using nine microsatellite loci. To avoid inflating the number of populations estimated by Bayesian inference, we measured the full-sibling relationships of woodwasps within 13 trees and removed all but one member of each full-sib family from the genetic analysis, resulting in a final sample size of 741 S. noctilio. Within a tree, on average 39% of woodwasps did not have a full sibling, and there were 5.6 families with at least two full-sibling members per tree. The mean family size across trees was 1.9 when single offspring (i.e., no full siblings) were included. Given the short time span since invasion, variation within North American S. noctilio is likely due to differences among founding genotypes. Genetic analyses support the hypothesis that at least two separate introductions occurred. Within North America, genetic distance measures were greatest between a site in southwestern Ontario and all other sites, suggesting that this population could represent a separate introduction event. Two methods of Bayesian clustering also support this idea; they detected 4 or 5 distinct genetic clusters with little admixture between the southwestern Ontario site and other North American populations. The wasps from Australia, where biological control with nematodes has been successful, showed low genetic diversity and clustered with the southwestern Ontario population in one out of two Bayesian analyses. Within the Ontario subset of samples, high woodwasp activity level (i.e., attack and mortality of trees) was associated with one genetic cluster more strongly than another. Population variation should be taken into account in studies of S. noctilio spread and management within North America.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Bernard Slippers (Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, South Africa) for providing the microsatellite primer sequences, Steve Bogdanowicz (Cornell University) for advice on molecular methods, Claire Moreland-Ochoa and Jacob Henry (Cornell University) for assistance in the lab, Christopher Foelker and Melissa Fierke (State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry) for access to some New York samples, Brad Regester, Bill Laubscher, and Eric Butters (Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry) for field assistance in Pennsylvania, and Martin Ziech (Cornell University) for creating the regional map in GIS. This project was funded by a USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement Grant to A.E. Hajek.

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  1. Laurel Haavik

    Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, 129 Garden Ave., Ithaca, NY, 14853-2601, USA

    Tonya D. Bittner & Ann E. Hajek

  2. Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada

    Laurel Haavik & Jeremy Allison

  3. The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia

    Helen Nahrung

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Correspondence to Tonya D. Bittner.

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Bittner, T.D., Hajek, A.E., Haavik, L. et al. Multiple introductions of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in northeastern North America based on microsatellite genotypes, and implications for biological control. Biol Invasions 19, 1431–1447 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1365-1

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