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Physiological and morphological development of Anagyrus ananatis at constant temperatures

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Abstract

The lower developmental temperature threshold (T 0) and the Degree Days (DD) required for the encyrtid endoparasitoid Anagyrus ananatis Gahan to develop from egg to adult on the pink pineapple mealybug (PPM), Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), were determined. The T 0 was estimated to be about 12.65 °C for both females and males. In contrast, females and males required about 275 and 265 DD, respectively, to complete development from egg to adult. Temperatures from 19 to 29 °C were optimal for mass rearing of A. ananatis, with the optimal temperature being around 24 °C. At this temperature, A. ananatis could complete almost two generations in the time it takes PPM to complete only one generation. Although A. ananatis is a koinobiont, the mealybug host was killed within a few (6–8) days after parasitization. The developmental stages of A. ananatis were described (e.g., appearance, size, color) and their time periods quantified when reared on PPM at 23.5 ± 0.5°C. Encyrtiform eggs were inserted through the dorsal surface of the PPM and were attached to the host via a slender stalk. This immature parasitoid remained attached to the host cuticle via the stalk until entering the prepupal stage. The host mealybug mummified during the parasitoid’s prepupal stage. First adult eclosion occurred at 24 days post-parasitization.

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Abbreviations

Δr :

Change in developmental rate

D:

Days

DD:

Degree days

DT:

Days to complete development × incubation temperature

GPM:

Gray pineapple mealybug

K :

Total accumulated temperature

PPM:

Pink pineapple mealybug

r :

Rate of parasitoid development

r 1 :

Rate of development at lower temperature

r 2 :

Rate of development at higher temperature

T :

Temperature regime

T 0 :

Lower developmental threshold

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    Raju R. Pandey

  2. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Marshall W. Johnson

  3. UC Kearney Agricultural Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA, 93648, USA

    Marshall W. Johnson

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  1. Raju R. Pandey
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  2. Marshall W. Johnson
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Correspondence to Marshall W. Johnson.

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Pandey, R.R., Johnson, M.W. Physiological and morphological development of Anagyrus ananatis at constant temperatures. Biocontrol 51, 585–601 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-005-2156-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-005-2156-2

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