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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Covariation Between DHEA and Testosterone in Adolescent Twins

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Abstract

Although several studies have shown that pubertal tempo and timing are shaped by genetic and environmental factors, few studies consider to what extent endocrine triggers of puberty are shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Doing so moves the field from examining correlated developmentally-sensitive biomarkers toward understanding what drives those associations. Two puberty related hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone, were assayed from salivary samples in 118 MZ (62 % female), 111 same sex DZ (46 % female) and 103 opposite-sex DZ twin pairs, aged 12–16 years (M = 13.1, SD = 1.3). Pubertal status was assessed with a composite of mother- and self-reports. We used biometric models to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the variance and covariance in testosterone and DHEA, with and without controlling for their association with puberty, and to test for sex differences. In males, the variance in testosterone and pubertal status was due to shared and non-shared environmental factors; variation in DHEA was due to genetic and non-shared environmental factors. In females, variance in testosterone was due to genetic and non-shared environmental factors; genetic, shared, and non-shared environmental factors contributed equally to variation in DHEA. In males, the testosterone-DHEA covariance was primarily due to shared environmental factors that overlapped with puberty as well as shared and non-shared environmental covariation specific to testosterone and DHEA. In females, the testosterone-DHEA covariance was due to genetic factors overlapping with pubertal status, and shared and non-shared environmental covariation specific to testosterone and DHEA.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH059785), the Wisconsin Center for Affective Science (P50-MH069315), a Conte Neuroscience Center (P50-MH084051). Infrastructure support was provided by the Waisman Center via a Core Grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30 HD003352). Salary support was provided by a Career Development Award for Shirtcliff (K01 MH077687). The writing of this manuscript was partially supported by National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH018931). We owe special gratitude to Wisconsin twins and their families for their research participation.

Conflict of Interest

Carol A. Van Hulle, Mollie N. Moore, Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff, Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant, H. Hill Goldsmith declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national). Informed consent was obtained for all participants in the study.

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  1. Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA

    Carol A. Van Hulle, Mollie N. Moore & H. Hill Goldsmith

  2. Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

    Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff

  3. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant

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  1. Carol A. Van Hulle
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Correspondence to Carol A. Van Hulle.

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Van Hulle, C.A., Moore, M.N., Shirtcliff, E.A. et al. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Covariation Between DHEA and Testosterone in Adolescent Twins. Behav Genet 45, 324–340 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-015-9709-7

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