Abstract
In streamlined airplane configurations, additional noise sources can be created from interactions between the jet flow and surfaces on an aircraft’s body. During takeoff and landing procedures the ground is close enough to already cause jet-surface interference. To assess this interaction, the presence of a flat plate impinging on a supersonic jet of a low aspect ratio (2:1) rectangular nozzle of equivalent exit diameter, De = 20.65 mm, is studied from the minor and major axis orientation. The impact of the plate, 30De in length to resemble an aircraft carrier deck, is studied at supersonic nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs) of 2.5–4.5 for a low jet temperature ratio of TR = 1.1. Streamwise particle image velocimetry (PIV) data was taken to extract average velocity and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) of the flow. Plate offset (h) distances of h/De = 0, 1, 2, and 3 from the nozzle lip are studied to assess trends related to shock cell spacing, potential core length, and shear layer development relative to a free jet configuration. The surface offset from the nozzle is shown to vary flow properties and even increase screech tones particularly at h/De = 1 and 3, while the in between distance of h/De = 2 is shown to reduce them. These off-design conditions causing screech are of particular interest in this study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brown, C.: An Empirical Jet-Surface Interaction Noise Model with Temperature and Nozzle Aspect Ratio Effects. AIAA Paper, January (2015a)
Liu, J., Corrigan, A., Kailasanath, K.: Impact of deck and jet blast deflector on the flow and acoustic properties of an imperfectly expanded supersonic jet. Nav. Eng. J. 127-3, 47–60 (Sept. 2015)
Mclaughlin, D.K., Kuo, C-W, “Experiments on the Effect of Ground Reflections on Supersonic Jet Noise,” AIAA Paper, 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan. 2008
Tam, C., Viswanathan, K., Ahuja, K.K., Panda, J.: The sources of jet noise: experimental evidence. J. Fluid Mech. 615, 253–292 (2008)
Tam, C., “Mach Wave Radiation from High-Speed Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 47, No. 10, Oct. 2009
Davies, P.O.A.L., Yule, A.J. “Coherent structures in turbulence,” J. Fluid Mech., vol. 69, part 3, pp. 513–537, 1975
Tam, Christopher K.W., and Golebiowski, Michel. “On the Two Components of Turbulent Mixing Noise from Supersonic Jets,” AIAA Paper, 2nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference, 6–8 May 1996
Tam, Christopher K.W., Tanna, H.K. “Shock associated noise of supersonic jets from convergent-divergent nozzles”. J. Sound Vib., Vol. 81, N°. 3, 337–358, 1982
Mora, P., Baier, Florian, Gutmark, E. J., Kailasanath, K., “Acoustics from a rectangular supersonic nozzle exhausting over a flat surface,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 140, p.4130–4141, 2016
Powell, A., “On the mechanism of choked jet noise,” Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, Co.. B66, pp. 1039–1056, 1953
Raman, G.: Supersonic jet screech: half-century from Powell to the present. J. Sound Vib. 225, 543–571 (1999)
Tam, C., Parrish, S. “Harmonics of Jet Screech Tones,” AIAA Journal, 2014, vol. 52, no. 11
Magstadt, A.S., Berry, M.: Flow structures associated with turbulent mixing noise and screech tones in axisymmetric jets. Flow Turbulence Combustion. 98, 725–750 (2017)
Mitchell, D.E., Oberleithner, K. et.al. “Coherent structure and sound production in the helical mode of a screeching axisymmetric jet,” J. Fluid Mech., 2014, vol. 748, pp. 822–847
Alkislar, M.B., Krothapalli, A., Lourenco, L.M.: Structure of a screeching rectangular jet: a stereoscopic particle image velocimetry study. J. Fluid Mech. 489, 121–154 (2003)
Magstadt, A., Glauser, M.: Stereo PIV Measurements in a Multi-Stream, Rectangular, Supersonic Jet. AIAA Paper, AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (2018)
Berry, M., Magstadt, A., Glauser, M.: Application of POD on time-resolved Schlieren in supersonic multi-stream rectangular jets. Phys. Fluids. 29, 020706 (2017)
Oberleithner, K., Sieber, M., Nayeri, C.: Three-dimensional coherent structures in a swirling jet undergoing vortex breakdown: stability analysis and empirical mode construction. J. Fluid Mech. 679, 383–414 (2011)
Ahmed, A., Weiner, A. “Axisymmetric Jet Subjected to Radial and Azimuthal Forcing,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, vol. 32, No. 2, 2016
Munday, D., Gutmark, E., Liu, J., Kailasanath, K.: Flow structure and acoustics of supersonic jets from conical convergent-divergent nozzles. Phys. Fluids. 23, (2011)
Munday, David and Gutmark, Ephraim. “Flow and Acoustic Radiation from Realistic Tactical Jet C-D Nozzles,” 14th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference (29th AIAA Aeroacoustic Conference), 5–7 May 2008
Baier, Florian, Mora, P., Gutmark,E.J., Kailasanath, K., "Impact of Scale on the Acoustics from a Conical C-D Nozzle Interacting with a Flat Surface", 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA SciTech San Diego, January 2016
Viswanath, K., et.al. “Flow Statistics and Noise of Ideally Expanded Supersonic Rectangular and Circular Jets,” AIAA J, Vol. 55, No. 10, 2017
Brown, C., Clem, M., and Fagan, A. “Investigation of Broadband Shock Noise from a Jet Near a Planar Surface,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 52, No. 1, January–February 2015
Gruschka, H. D.; Schrecker, G. O. “Aeroacoustic characteristics of jet flap type exhausts,” AIAA Paper, No. 72-130, 1972
Amiet, R.K.: Noise due to turbulent flow past a trailing edge. J. Sound Vib. 47, 387–393 (1976)
Olsen, W.A. and Boldman, D. “Preliminary Study of the Effect of the Turbulent Flow Field Around Complex Surfaces on Their Acoustic Characteristics,” AIAA Paper, 11th Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conference, 10–12 July 1978
Bridges, James. “Noise from Aft Deck Exhaust Nozzles - Differences in Experimental Embodiments,” AIAA SciTech, 52nd Aerospace Science Meeting, January 2014
Bridges, J., Wernet, M.: The NASA Subsonic Jet Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Dataset. NASA (2011)
Brown, Cliff. “Developing an Empirical Model for Jet-Surface Interaction Noise,” AIAA SciTech 2015b, 52nd aerospace sciences meeting, January 2014
Brown, Clifford. “Jet-Surface Interaction Test: Far-Field Noise Results,” Journal of Engineering Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 135, 2013
Podboy, G. “Jet-Surface Interaction Test: Phased Array Noise Source Localization Results,” NASA/TM 2013
Davis, M.R., Winarto, H.: Jet diffusion from a circular nozzle above a solid plane. J. Fluid Mech. 101, 201–221 (1980)
Madnia, C.K., Bernal, L.P.: Interaction of a turbulent round jet with the free surface. J. Fluid Mech. 261, 305–332 (1994)
Zaman, K.B.M.Q., Brown, C.A., Bridges, J.: Interaction of a Rectangular Jet with a Flat-Plate Placed Parallel to the Flow. AIAA Paper, May (2013)
Miller, S. “Prediction of Scattered Broadband Shock-Associated Noise,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 54, No. 1, January 2016
Brown, C.: Jet-Surface Interaction Test- Flow Measurement Results. AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference, June (2014)
Ahuja, K.K., McCaulley, J.A., Tam, C.K.W.: Noise and Instability Waves in Supersonic Jets in the Proximity of Flat and Cylindrical Walls. AIAA Paper, April (1989)
Wlezien, R.: Near-Field Acoustic Environment of a Supersonic Plume Adjacent to a Wall. AIAA Paper, April (1989)
Hortensius, R. “Near Field of an Axisymmetric Underexpanded Jet and an Adjacent Parallel Surface,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 55, No. 8, August 2017
Ibrahim, M.K., Sawai, T., Obase, K., Mori, K., Nakamura, Y.: Experimental investigation of screech-tone characteristics of jet interaction with a flat plate. AIAA J. 47(9), 2031–2038 (2009)
Nagel, R., Denham, J.W., Papathanasiou, A.G. “Supersonic Jet Screech Tone Cancellation,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 11, November 1983
Gojon, R., Gutmark, E., Mihaescu, M. “Antisymmetric Oscillation Modes in Rectangular Screeching Jets,” AIAA Journal, vol. 57, No. 8, August 2019
Viswanathan, K.: Aeroacoustics of hot jets. J. Fluid Mech. 516, 39–82 (2004)
Viswanathan, K. “Does a Model Scale Nozzle Emit the Same Jet Noise as a Jet Engine?” 11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 2005
Kuo, C.W., Veltin, J., McLaughlin, D.K.: Acoustic measurements of models of military style supersonic nozzle jets. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 27, 23–33 (2014)
Baier, F., Karnam, A., Gutmark, E., Kailasanath, K.: High Temperature Supersonic Flow Measurements of a Rectangular Jet Exhausting over a Flat Surface. AIAA Paper, AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (January 2018)
Wilson, B., Smith, B. “Uncertainty on PIV mean and fluctuating velocity due to bias and random errors,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 24, 2013
Wieneke, B. “PIV uncertainty quantification from correlation statistics,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 26, 2015
Lazar, E., DeBlauw, B., Glumac, N., Dutton, C., Elliott, G. “A Practical Approach to PIV Uncertainty Analysis,” AIAA Paper, 27th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, July 2010
Melling, A.: Tracer particles and seeding for particle image velocimetry. Meas. Sci. Technol. 8, 1406 (1997)
Samimy, M., Lele, S.K. “Motion of particles with inertia in a compressible free shear layer,” Phys. of Fluids, Vol. 3, 1991
Bridges, J., Wernet, M. “Turbulence Measurements of Rectangular Nozzles with Bevel,” AIAA Paper, 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 2015
Kähler, C.J., Scharnowski, Sven. “On the uncertainty of digital PIV and PTV near walls,” Exp. Fluids, Vol. 52, pp. 1641–1656, 2012
Gao, N., Ewing, D.: Experimental investigation of a planar offset attaching jets with small offset distances. Exp. Fluids. 42, 941–954 (2007)
Yoon, S.H., Kim, K.C., Kim, D.S., Chung, M.K.: Comparative study of a Turbulent Wall-attaching offset jet and a Plane Wall jet. KSME Journal. 7(2), 101–112 (1993)
Lau, J.C., Morris, P.J., Fisher, M.J., “Measurements in subsonic and supersonic free jets using a laser velocimeter,” J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 93, part 1, pp. 1–27, 1979
Tam, Christopher K.W., “Broadband Shock-Associated Noise of Moderately Imperfectly Expanded Supersonic Jets,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 140, p.55–71, 1990
Behrouzi, P., McGuirk, J.J.: Underexpanded jet development from a rectangular nozzle with aft-deck. AIAA J. 53(5), 1287–1298 (2015)
Tam, C.K.W.: The shock-cell structures and screech tone frequencies of rectangular and non-axisymmetric supersonic jets. J. Sound Vib. 121, 135–147 (1988)
Norum, T.D., Seiner, J.M.: Broadband shock noise from supersonic jets. AIAA J. 20(1), 68–73 (1980)
Panda, J., Raman, G., Zaman, K.B.M.Q.: Underexpanded screeching jets from circular, rectangular and elliptic nozzles. AIAA Paper. 97-1623, (1997)
Sirovich, L.: Proper orthogonal decomposition applied to turbulent flow in s square duct. Q. Appl. Maths. 45, 561–671 (1987)
Kostas, J., Soria, J.: A comparison between snapshot POD analysis of PIV velocity and vorticity data. Exp. Fluids. 38, 146–160 (2005)
Raman, G., Rice, E. “Instability modes excited by natural screech tones in a supersonic rectangular jet,” Phy.of Fluids, Vol. 6, pg. 3999, 1998
Malla, B., Gutmark, E. “Nearfield Characterization of a Low Supersonic Single Expansion Ramp Nozzle with Extended Ramps,” AIAA Paper, Texas, Jan. 2017
Funding
This research was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) through the Jet Noise Reduction (JNR) project under the Noise Induced Heating Loss (NIHL) program, as well as the NRL 6.1 Computational Physics Task Area.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baier, F., Karnam, A. & Gutmark, E. Cold Flow Measurements of Supersonic Low Aspect Ratio Jet-Surface Interactions. Flow Turbulence Combust 105, 1–30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-019-00098-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-019-00098-w