Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Adherence to Tobacco Dependence Treatment Among HIV-Infected Smokers

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

High prevalence of tobacco use and low success in quitting remain significant problems for reducing disease burden among HIV-infected persons. This study’s purpose was to examine participant responsiveness and tobacco dependence treatment adherence and their influences on tobacco abstinence among HIV-infected patients. This non-randomized study included HIV-infected smokers 18 years of age or older, who smoked at least 5 cigarettes per day, and had an interest in quitting smoking in the next 30 days. HIV-infected smokers (n = 247) received a 12-week tobacco dependence treatment intervention that included pharmacotherapy and telephone counseling. Younger age and non-White race were associated with lower adherence to pharmacotherapy. Younger age, non-White race, and increased monthly binge drinking were associated with lower adherence to telephone counseling. High participant responsiveness was associated with adherence to pharmacotherapy, counseling, and abstinence. Development and testing of interventions to improve adherence to evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment is warranted.

Resumen

La alta prevalencia del uso de tabaco y el bajo éxito en parar su uso es un problema importante a considerar en la reducción del impacto de la enfermedad entre las personas infectadas por el VIH. Existen directivas de práctica clínica para el tratamiento efectivo de la dependencia al tabaco; pero adherencia de los pacientes a las recomendaciones es crítico para su buen éxito. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar el grado de aceptacion al estudio, la adherencia de tratamiento de dependencia al tabaco y sus influencias sobre la abstinencia del tabaco y permanencia en pacientes infectados por el VIH. Este estudio no randomizado incluyo fumadores infectados con HIV, de 18 años o mas, quienes fumaban por lo menos 5 cigarrillos por dia y habian manifestado el deseo de cesar de fumar en los siguientes 30 días. Fumadores infectados con VIH (n = 247) recibieron una intervención de tratamiento de abstinencia por 12 semanas, incluyendo farmacoterapia y asesoramiento telefónico. Edad menor y raza no blanca se asociaron con menor adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico. Edad menor, raza no blanca, y alto número de borracheras mensualmente se asociaron con menor adherencia a consejos telefónicos. Adherencia al tratamiento de la dependencia al tabaco resultó en mayores tasas de abstinencia confirmadas bioquímicamente a los 3 meses. Pruebas muestran que intervenciones específicas para los pacientes infectados por el VIH que mejoran la adherencia al tratamiento de la dependencia del tabaco son justificables.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Patel N, Talwar A, Reichert VC, Brady T, Jain M, Kaplan MH. Tobacco and HIV. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2006;5(1):193–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Diaz PT, King MA, Pacht ER, Wewers MD, Gadek JE, Nagaraja HN, et al. Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:369–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Diaz PT, Wewers MD, Pacht E, Drake J, Nagaraja HN, Clanton TL. Respiratory symptoms among HIV-seropositive individuals. Chest. 2003;123(6):1977–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kirk GD, Merlo C, O’Driscoll P, Mehta SH, Galai N, Vlahov D, et al. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(1):103–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Miguez-Burbano MJ, Ashkin D, Rodriguez A, Duncan R, Pitchenik A, Quintero N, et al. Increased risk of Pneumocystis carinii and community-acquired pneumonia with tobacco use in HIV disease. Int J Infect Dis. 2005;9(4):208–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sigel K, Wisnivesky J, Gordon K, Dubrow R, Justice A, Brown ST, et al. HIV as an independent risk factor for incident lung cancer. AIDS. 2012;26(8):1017–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Helleberg M, Gerstoft J, Afzal S, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, et al. Risk of cancer among HIV-infected individuals compared to the background population: impact of smoking and HIV. AIDS. 2014;28(10):1499–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Crothers K, Huang L, Goulet JL, Goetz MB, Brown ST, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, et al. HIV infection and risk for incident pulmonary diseases in the combination antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):388–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Gordin FM, Roediger MP, Girard PM, Lundgren JD, Miro JM, Palfreeman A, et al. Pneumonia in HIV-infected persons: increased risk with cigarette smoking and treatment interruption. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(6):630–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Kohli R, Lo Y, Homel P, Flanigan TP, Gardner LI, Howard AA, et al. Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(1):90–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Benard A, Mercie P, Alioum A, Bonnet F, Lazaro E, Dupon M, et al. Bacterial pneumonia among HIV-infected patients: decreased risk after tobacco smoking cessation. ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, 2000-2007. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8896.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Fitch KV, Lo J, Abbara S, Ghoshhajra B, Shturman L, Soni A, et al. Increased coronary artery calcium score and noncalcified plaque among HIV-infected men: relationship to metabolic syndrome and cardiac risk parameters. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(4):495–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Lang S, Mary-Krause M, Cotte L, Gilquin J, Partisani M, Simon A, et al. Increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients in France, relative to the general population. AIDS. 2010;24(8):1228–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Durand M, Sheehy O, Baril JG, Lelorier J, Tremblay CL. Association between HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and risk of acute myocardial infarction: a cohort and nested case-control study using Quebec’s public health insurance database. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(3):245–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco use: prevention, cessation and control. 2006 September 5, 2006.

  16. Petoumenos K, Worm S, Reiss P, de Wit S, d’Arminio Monforte A, Sabin C, et al. Rates of cardiovascular disease following smoking cessation in patients with HIV infection: results from the D:A: D study(*). HIV Med. 2011;12(7):412–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Triant VA. HIV infection and coronary heart disease: an intersection of epidemics. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(Suppl 3):S355–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Gritz ER, Vidrine DJ, Lazev AB, Amick BC 3rd, Arduino RC. Smoking behavior in a low-income multiethnic HIV/AIDS population. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6(1):71–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Niaura R, Shadel WG, Morrow K, Tashima K, Flanigan T, Abrams DB. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS, and smoking cessation: the time is now. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(3):808–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mamary EM, Bahrs D, Martinez S. Cigarette smoking and the desire to quit among individuals living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2002;16(1):39–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(44):891–4.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Tesoriero JM, Gieryic SM, Carrascal A, Lavigne HE. Smoking among HIV positive New Yorkers: prevalence, frequency, and opportunities for cessation. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(4):824–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mdodo R, Frazier EL, Dube SR, Mattson CL, Sutton MY, Brooks JT, et al. Cigarette smoking Prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States: cross-sectional surveys. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(5):335–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville: US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Humfleet GL, Hall SM, Delucchi KL, Dilley JW. A randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation treatments provided in HIV clinical care settings. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(8):1436–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Gritz ER, Danysh HE, Fletcher FE, Tami-Maury I, Fingeret MC, King RM, et al. Long-term outcomes of a cell phone-delivered intervention for smokers living with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(4):608–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Nahvi S, Cooperman NA. Review: the need for smoking cessation among HIV-positive smokers. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(3 Suppl):14–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Shiffman S, Brockwell SE, Pillitteri JL, Gitchell JG. Use of smoking-cessation treatments in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(2):102–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Alterman AI, Gariti P, Cook TG, Cnaan A. Nicodermal patch adherence and its correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999;53(2):159–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cooper TV, DeBon MW, Stockton M, Klesges RC, Steenbergh TA, Sherrill-Mittleman D, et al. Correlates of adherence with transdermal nicotine. Addict Behav. 2004;29(8):1565–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies- evidence for action. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Carroll C, Patterson M, Wood S, Booth A, Rick J, Balain S. A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity. Implement Sci. 2007;30(2):40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Borrelli B. The assessment, monitoring, and enhancement of treatment fidelity in public health clinical trials. J Public Health Dent. 2011;71(s1):S52–63.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Hood NE, Ferketich AK, Paskett ED, Wewers ME. Treatment adherence in a lay health adviser intervention to treat tobacco dependence. Health Educ Res. 2013;28(1):72–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Webb MS, Vanable PA, Carey MP, Blair DC. Medication adherence in HIV-infected smokers: the mediating role of depressive symptoms. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(3 Suppl):94–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rao D, Feldman BJ, Fredericksen RJ, Crane PK, Simoni JM, Kitahata MM, et al. A structural equation model of HIV-related stigma, depressive symptoms, and medication adherence. AIDS Behav. 2011;16:711–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Venkatesh KK, Srikrishnan AK, Mayer KH, Kumarasamy N, Raminani S, Thamburaj E, et al. Predictors of nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected South Indians in clinical care: implications for developing adherence interventions in resource-limited settings. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010;24(12):795–803.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Quesenberry CP, Horberg MA. Race/ethnicity and risk of AIDS and death among HIV-infected patients with access to care. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(9):1065–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Bird ST, Bogart LM, Delahanty DL. Health-related correlates of perceived discrimination in HIV care. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2004;18(1):19–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shuter J, Bernstein SL. Cigarette smoking is an independent predictor of nonadherence in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(4):731–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gonzalez JS, Batchelder AW, Psaros C, Safren SA. Depression and HIV/AIDS treatment nonadherence: a review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58(2):181–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gonzalez JS, Psaros C, Batchelder A, Applebaum A, Newville H, Safren SA. Clinician-assessed depression and HAART adherence in HIV-infected individuals in methadone maintenance treatment. Ann Behav Med. 2011;42(1):120–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Sowah LA, Busse S, Amoroso A. HIV, tobacco use, and poverty: a potential cause of disparities in health status by race and socioeconomic status. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013;24(3):1215–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shirley DK, Kesari RK, Glesby MJ. Factors associated with smoking in HIV-infected patients and potential barriers to cessation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27(11):604–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Bing EG, Burnam MA, Longshore D, Fleishman JA, Sherbourne CD, London AS, et al. Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(8):721–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hays JT, Leischow SJ, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Adherence to treatment for tobacco dependence: association with smoking abstinence and predictors of adherence. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(6):574–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Crothers K, Thompson BW, Burkhardt K, Morris A, Flores SC, Diaz PT, et al. HIV-associated lung infections and complications in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011;8(3):275–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. SRNT Committee on Biochemical Verification. Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2002;4:149–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Cahill K, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;4:CD006103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Swan GE, McClure JB, Jack LM, Zbikowski SM, Javitz HS, Catz SL, et al. Behavioral counseling and varenicline treatment for smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(5):482–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Food and Drug Administration. The smoking cessation aids varenicline (marketed as Chantix) and bupropion (marketed as Zyban and generics): suicidal ideation and behavior. FDA Drug Saf Newsl. 2009;2:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wewers ME, Ferketich AK, Harness J, Paskett ED. Effectiveness of a nurse-managed, lay-led tobacco cessation intervention among Ohio Appalachian women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(12):3451–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Kozlowski LT, Porter CQ, Orleans CT, Pope MA, Heatherton TF. Predicting smoking cessation with self-reported measures of nicotine dependence: FTQ, FTND, HSI. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994;34:211–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Velicer WF, DiClemente CC, Prochaska JO, Brandenburg N. Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48(5):1279–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Beck A, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. Inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Dewey JE, Gandek B. How to score and interpret single-item health status measures: A manual for users of the SF-8 health survey. Lincoln: Quality Metric Inc.; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Roberts B, Browne J, Ocaka KF, Oyok T, Sondorp E. The reliability and validity of the SF-8 with a conflict-affected population in northern Uganda. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008;2(6):108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Lefante JJ Jr, Harmon GN, Ashby KM, Barnard D, Webber LS. Use of the SF-8 to assess health-related quality of life for a chronically ill, low-income population participating in the Central Louisiana Medication Access Program (CMAP). Qual Life Res. 2005;14(3):665–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bradley KA, Kivlahan DR, Bush KR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD. Variations on the CAGE Alcohol Sreening Questionnaire: strength and limitations in VA general medical patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(10):1472–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. DiMatteo MR, Giordani PJ, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis. Med Care. 2002;40(9):794–811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Brown MT, Bussell JK. Medication adherence: WHO cares? Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(4):304–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Pomerleau CS, Pomerleau OF, Majchrzak MJ, Kloska DD, Malakuti R. Relationship between nicotine tolerance questionnaire scores and plasma cotinine. Addict Behav. 1990;15:73–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhou W, Heist RS, Liu G, Park S, Neuberg DS, Asomaning K, et al. Smoking cessation before diagnosis and survival in early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer. 2006;53(3):375–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hosmer D, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley; 2000.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  66. Pacek LR, Latkin C, Crum RM, Stuart EA, Knowlton AR. Interest in quitting and lifetime quit attempts among smokers living with HIV infection. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;1(138):220–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Ong MK, Zhou Q, Sung HY. Primary care providers advising smokers to quit: comparing effectiveness between those with and without alcohol, drug, or mental disorders. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(12):1193–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Catz SL, Jack LM, McClure JB, Javitz HS, Deprey M, Zbikowski SM, et al. Adherence to varenicline in the COMPASS smoking cessation intervention trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(5):361–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Balmford J, Borland R, Hammond D, Cummings KM. Adherence to and reasons for premature discontinuation from stop-smoking medications: data from the ITC Four-Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(2):94–102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. King G, Polednak A, Bendel RB, Vilsaint MC, Nahata SB. Disparities in smoking cessation between African Americans and Whites: 1990–2000. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(11):1965–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Daza P, Cofta-Woerpel L, Mazas C, Fouladi RT, Cinciripini PM, Gritz ER, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in predictors of smoking cessation. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(3):317–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Fu SS, Kodl MM, Joseph AM, Hatsukami DK, Johnson EO, Breslau N, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of nicotine replacement therapy and quit ratios in lifetime smokers ages 25 to 44 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(7):1640–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Carpenter MJ, Ford ME, Cartmell K, Alberg AJ. Misperceptions of nicotine replacement therapy within racially and ethnically diverse smokers. J Natl Med Assoc. 2011;103(9–10):885–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Lacey L, Tukes S, Manfredi C, Warnecke RB. Use of lay health educators for smoking cessation in a hard-to-reach urban community. J Community Health. 1991;16(5):269–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Borland R, Rodgers A, Gu Y. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD006611.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mermelstein R, Lichtenstein E, McIntyre K. Partner support and relapse in smoking-cessation programs. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51(3):465–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Havassy BE, Hall SM, Wasserman DA. Social support and relapse: commonalities among alcoholics, opiate users, and cigarette smokers. Addict Behav. 1991;16(5):235–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, R01HL090313-01, “Smoking Cessation and the Natural History of HIV-Associated Emphysema” and Award Number UL1RR025755 from the National Center For Advancing Translational Sciences. We would like to acknowledge the following people for their diligent effort on this study: Judith Harness, RN, MS (nurse-interventionist), and Karen Martin and Janice Drake (OSU Pulmonary Clinical Trials). We would like to thank the research participants for their time and commitment.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Nursing, The Ohio State University and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 370 Newton Hall, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 34210, USA

    Kristine K. Browning

  2. Division of Health Behavior and Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Mary Ellen Wewers

  3. Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Amy K. Ferketich

  4. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Philip Diaz & Susan L. Koletar

  5. School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Nancy R. Reynolds

Authors
  1. Kristine K. Browning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary Ellen Wewers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amy K. Ferketich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Philip Diaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Susan L. Koletar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nancy R. Reynolds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristine K. Browning.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Browning, K.K., Wewers, M.E., Ferketich, A.K. et al. Adherence to Tobacco Dependence Treatment Among HIV-Infected Smokers. AIDS Behav 20, 608–621 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1059-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1059-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation