Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cell–Cell Junctional Proteins in Cardiovascular Mechanotransduction

  • Published:
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cell–cell junctional proteins play important structural and functional roles in several physiological systems. Recent studies have illuminated key aspects in the relationship of junctional proteins with normal cell and tissue function as well as various pathologies. In this review article, the roles of cell–cell junctional proteins will be presented in four classes: adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions, and discussed primarily in the context of cardiovascular cell and tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The functions of the proteins are described from the perspective of mechanotransductive regulation of physiological and disease processes, with focus being laid on more biomechanical aspects, such as cell adhesion, migration, and mechanosignaling.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abe, K., O. Chisaka, F. van Roy, and M. Takeichi. Stability of dendritic spines and synaptic contacts is controlled by alpha-N-catenin. Nat. Neurosci. 7:357–363, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Albuquerque, M. L. C., and A. S. Flozak. Wound closure in sheared endothelial cells is enhanced by modulation of VE-cadherin expression and localization. Exp. Biol. Med. 227:1006–1016, 2002.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Asimaki, A., P. Syrris, T. Wichter, P. Matthias, J. E. Saffitz, and W. J. McKenna. A novel dominant mutation in plakoglobin causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81:964–973, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Asimaki, A., H. Tandri, H. Huang, M. K. Halushka, S. Gautam, C. Basson, G. Thiene, A. Tsatsopoulou, N. Protonotarios, W. J. McKenna, H. Calkins, and J. E. Saffitz. A new diagnostic test for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. NEJM 360:1075–1084, 2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bamji, S. X. Cadherins: actin with the cytoskeleton to form synapses. Neuron 47:175–178, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bao, X., C. B. Clark, and J. A. Frangos. Temporal gradient in shear-induced signaling pathway: involvement of MAP kinase, c-fos, and connexin-43. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278:H1598–H1605, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bazzoni, G., P. Tonetti, L. Manzi, M. R. Cera, G. Balconi, and E. Dejana. Expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A prevents spontaneous and random motility. J. Cell Sci. 118:623–632, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Birchmeier, W., and J. Behrens. Cadherin expression in carcinomas: role in the formation of cell junctions and the prevention of invasiveness. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1198:11–26, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chopra, A., E. Tabdanov, H. Patel, P. A. Janmey, and J. Y. Kresh. Cardiac myocyte remodeling mediated by N-cadherin-dependent mechanosensing. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 300:H1252–H1256, 2011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. De Maio, L., Y. S. Chang, T. W. Gardner, J. M. Tarbell, and D. A. Antonetti. Shear stress regulates occludin content and phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 281:H105–H113, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  11. De Paola, N., P. F. Davies, W. F. Pritchard, L. Florez, N. Harbeck, and D. C. Polacek. Spatial and temporal regulation of gap junction connexin43 in vascular endothelial cells exposed to controlled disturbed flows in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:3154–3159, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. De Wever, O., W. Westbroek, A. Verloes, N. Bloemen, M. Bracke, C. Gespach, E. Bruyneel, and M. Mareel. Critical role of N-cadherin in myofibroblast invasion and migration in vitro stimulated by colon-cancer-cell-derived TGF-beta or wounding. J. Cell Sci. 117:4691–4703, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dekker, R. J., S. van Soest, R. D. Fontijn, S. Salamanca, P. G. de Groot, E. VanBavel, H. Pannekoek, and A. J. Horrevoets. Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Kruppel-like factor (KLF-2). Blood 100:1689–1698, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Doyle, D. D., G. E. Goings, J. Upshaw-Earley, E. Page, B. Ranscht, and H. C. Palfrey. T-cadherin is a major glycophosphoinositol-anchored protein associated with noncaveolar detergent-insoluble domains of the cardiac sarcolemma. J. Biol. Chem. 273:6937–6943, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dusek, R. L., L. M. Godsel, and K. J. Green. Discriminating roles of desmosomal cadherins: beyond desmosomal adhesion. J. Dermatol. Sci. 45:7–21, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Evans, W. H., and P. E. Martin. Gap junctions: structure and function. Mol. Membr. Biol. 19:121–136, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gehmlich, K., P. D. Lambiase, A. Asimaki, E. J. Ciaccio, E. Ehler, P. Syrris, J. E. Saffitz, and W. J. McKenna. A novel desmocollin-2 mutation reveals insights into the molecular link between desmosomes and gap junctions. Heart Rhythm 8:711–718, 2011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gopalan, S. M., C. Flaim, S. N. Bhatia, M. Hoshijima, R. Knoell, K. R. Chien, J. H. Omens, and A. McCulloch. Anisotrophic stretch-induced hypertrophy in neonatal ventricular myocytes micropatterned on deformable elastomers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 81:578–587, 2002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Grossmann, K. S., C. Grund, J. Huelsken, M. Behrend, B. Erdmann, W. W. Franke, and W. Birchmeier. Requirement of plakophilin 2 for heart morphogenesis and cardiac junction formation. J. Cell Biol. 167:149–160, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gutstein, E., F. Liu, M. B. Meyers, A. Choo, and G. I. Fishman. The organization of adherens junctions and desmosomes at the cardiac intercalated disk is independent of gap junctions. J. Cell Sci. 116:875–885, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hinz, B., P. Pittet, J. Smith-Clerc, C. Chaponnier, and J. J. Meister. Myofibroblast development is characterized by specific cell–cell adherens junctions. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:4310–4320, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Huang, H., A. Asimaki, D. Lo, W. McKenna, and J. E. Saffitz. Disparate effects of different mutation in plakoglobin on cell mechanical behavior. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 65:964–978, 2008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Huang, H., F. Cruz, and G. Bazzoni. Junctional adhesion molecule-A regulates cell migration and resistance to shear stress. J. Cell. Physiol. 209:122–130, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Huber, O. Structure and function of desmosomal proteins and their role in development and disease. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60:1872–1890, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Imamura, Y., M. Itoh, Y. Maeno, S. Tsukita, and A. Nagafuchi. Functional domains of catenin required for the strong state of cadherin cell adhesion. J. Cell Biol. 144:1311–1322, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ivanov, D., M. Philippova, R. Allenspach, P. Erne, and T. Resink. Cell adhesion molecule T-cadherin regulates vascular cell adhesion, phenotype and motility. Exp. Cell Res. 293:207–214, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kartenbeck, J., W. W. Franke, J. G. Moser, and U. Stoffels. Specific attachment of desmin filaments to desmosomal plaques in cardiac myocytes. EMBO J. 2:735–742, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kostetskii, I., J. Li, Y. Xiong, R. Zhou, V. A. Ferrari, V. V. Patel, J. D. Molkentin, and G. L. Radice. Induced deletion of the N-cadherin gene in the heart leads to dissolution of the intercalated disk structure. Circ. Res. 96:346–354, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kostin, S., S. Dammer, S. Hein, W. P. Kloverkorn, E. P. Bauer, and J. Schaper. Connexin 43 expression and distribution in compensated and decompensated cardiac hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis. Cardiovasc. Res. 62:426–436, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kostin, S., S. Hein, E. P. Bauer, and J. Schaper. Spatiotemporal development and distribution of intercellular junctions in adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture. Circ. Res. 85:154–167, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kumar, N. M., and N. B. Gilula. The gap junction communication channel. Cell 84:381–388, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lampugnani, M. G., A. Zanetti, F. Breviario, G. Balconi, F. Orsenigo, M. Corada, R. Spagnuolo, M. Betson, V. Braga, and E. Dejana. VE-cadherin regulates endothelial actin activating Rac and increasing membrane association of Tiam. Mol. Biol. Cell 13:1175–1189, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Li, S., N. F. Huang, and S. Hsu. Mechanotransduction in endothelial cell migration. J. Cell. Biochem. 96:1110–1126, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Li, J., M. D. Levin, Y. Xiong, N. Petrenko, V. V. Patel, and G. L. Radice. N-cadherin haploinsufficiency affects cardiac gap junctions and arrhythmic susceptibility. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 44:597–606, 2008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Li, M. W., D. D. Mruk, W. M. Lee, and C. Y. Cheng. Connexin 43 and plakophilin-2 as a protein complex that regulates blood–testis barrier dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:10213–10218, 2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Li, J., V. V. Patel, I. Kostetshii, Y. Xiong, A. F. Chu, J. T. Jacobson, C. Yu, G. E. Morely, J. D. Molkentin, and G. L. Radice. Cardiac-specific loss of N-cadherin leads to alteration in connexins with conduction slowing and arrhythmogenesis. Circ. Res. 97:474–481, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lisewski, U., Y. Shi, U. Wrackmeyer, R. Fischer, C. Chen, A. Schirdewan, R. Juttner, F. Rathjen, W. Poller, M. H. Radke, and M. Gotthardt. The tight junction protein CAR regulates cardiac conduction and cell–cell communication. J. Exp. Med. 205:2369–2379, 2008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Marsden, M., and D. W. Simone. Integrin–ECM interactions regulate cadherin-dependent cell adhesion and are required for convergent extension in Xenopus. Curr. Biol. 13:1182–1191, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Martin-Padura, I., S. Lostaglio, M. Schneemann, L. Williams, M. Romano, P. Fruscella, C. Panzeri, A. Stoppacciaro, L. Ruco, A. Villa, D. Simmons, and E. Dejana. Junctional adhesion molecule, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that distributes at intercellular junctions and modulates monocyte transmigration. J. Cell Biol. 142:117–127, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Maruthamuthu, V., B. Sabass, U. S. Schwarz, and M. L. Gardel. Cell–ECM traction force modulates endogenous tension at cell–cell contacts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 12:4708–4713, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. McKoy, G., N. Protonotarios, A. Crosby, A. Tsatsopoulou, A. Anastasakis, and A. Coonar. Identification of a deletion in plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair (Naxos disease). Lancet 355:2119–2212, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mitic, L. L., and J. M. Anderson. Molecular architecture of tight junctions. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69:121–141, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Mitic, L. L., C. M. Van Itallie, and J. M. Anderson. Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions I. Tight junction structure and function: lessons from mutant animals and proteins. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 279:G250–G254, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nagafuchi, A. Molecular architecture of adherens junctions. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13:600–603, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nelson, C. M., D. M. Pirone, J. L. Tan, and C. S. Chen. Vascular endothelial-cadherin regulates cytoskeletal tension, cell spreading, and focal adhesions by stimulating RhoA. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:2943–2953, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Norman, M., M. Simpson, J. Mogensen, A. Shaw, S. Hughes, P. Syrris, S. Sen-Chowdhry, E. Rowland, A. Crosby, and W. J. McKenna. Novel mutation in desmoplakin causes arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 112:636–642, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Olk, S., G. Zoidl, and R. Dermietzel. Connexins, cell motility, and the cytoskeleton. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 66:1000–1016, 2009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Perryn, E. D., A. Czirok, and C. D. Little. Vascular sprout formation entails tissue deformations and VE-cadherin-dependent cell-autonomous motility. Dev. Biol. 313(2):545–555, 2008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Provost, E., and D. L. Rimm. Controversies at the cytoplasmic face of the cadherin-based adhesion complex. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:567–572, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Radice, G. L., H. Rayburn, H. Matsunami, K. A. Knudsen, M. Takeichi, and R. O. Hynes. Developmental defects in mouse embryos lacking N-cadherins. Dev. Biol. 181:64–78, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Raghavan, S., and E. Fuchs. Getting under the skin of epidermal morphogenesis. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3:199–209, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Resink, T. J., M. Philippova, M. B. Joshi, E. Kyriakakis, and P. Erne. Cadherins in cardiovascular disease. Swiss Med. Wkly. 139:122–134, 2009.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rhee, D. Y., X. Q. Zhao, R. J. B. Francis, G. Y. Huang, J. D. Mably, and C. W. Lo. Connexin 43 regulates epicardial cell polarity and migration in coronary vascular development. Development 136:3185–3193, 2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ruhrberg, C., and F. M. Watt. The plakin family: versatile organizers of cytoskeletal architecture. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:392–397, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Runswick, S. K., M. J. O’Hare, L. Jones, C. H. Steull, and D. R. Garrod. Desmosomal adhesion regulates epithelial morphogenesis and cell positioning. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:823–830, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Saffitz, J. E. Dependence of electrical coupling on mechanical coupling in cardiac myocytes: insights gained from cardiomyopathies caused by defects in cell–cell connections. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1047:336–344, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sanford, J. L., J. D. Edwards, T. A. Mays, B. Gong, A. P. Merriam, and J. A. Rafael-Fortney. Claudin-5 localizes to the lateral membranes of cardiomyoctyes and is altered in utrophin/dystrophin-deficient cariomyopathic mice. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 38:323–332, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Schmidt, A., H. W. Heid, S. Schafer, U. A. Nuber, R. Zimbelmann, and W. W. Franke. Desmosomes and cytoskeletal architecture in epithelial differentiation: cell type-specific plaque components and intermediate filament anchorage. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 65:229–245, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sen-Chowdhry, S., P. Syrris, and W. J. McKenna. Desmoplakin disease in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: early genotype–phenotype studies. Eur. Heart J. 26:1582–1584, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Severson, E. A., W. Y. Lee, C. T. Capaldo, A. Nusrat, and C. A. Parkos. Junctional adhesion molecule A interacts with Afadin and PDZ-GEF2 to activate Rap1A, regulate beta1 integrin levels, and enhance cell migration. Mol. Biol. Cell 20:1916–1925, 2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sheikh, F., Y. Chen, X. Liang, A. Hirschy, A. E. Stenbit, Y. Gu, N. D. Dalton, T. Yajima, Y. Lu, K. Y. Knowlton, K. L. Peterson, J. Perriard, and J. Chen. Alpha-E-catenin inactivation disrupts the cardiomyocyte adherens junction, resulting in cardiomyopathy and susceptibility to wall rupture. Circulation 114:1046–1055, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Simcha, I., B. Geinger, S. Yehuda-Levenberg, D. Salomon, and A. Ben-Ze’ev. Suppression of tumorigenicity by plakoglobin: an augmenting effect of N-cadherin. J. Cell Biol. 133:199–209, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Syrris, P., D. Ward, A. Asimaki, S. Sen-Chowdhry, H. Y. Ebrahim, A. Evans, N. Hitomi, N. M. Norman, A. Pantazis, A. L. Shaw, P. M. Elliott, and W. J. McKenna. Clinical expression of plakophilin-2 mutation in familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 113:356–364, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Takeichi, M. Morphogenetic roles of classic cadherins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:619–627, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Tarbell, J. M. Shear stress and the endothelial transport barrier. Cardiovasc. Res. 87:320–330, 2010.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Thomas, S. A., R. B. Schuessler, C. I. Berul, M. A. Beardslee, E. C. Beyer, M. E. Mendelsohn, and J. E. Saffitz. Disparate effects of deficient expression of connexin43 on atrial and ventricular conduction: evidence for chamber-specific molecular determinants of conduction. Circulation 97:686–691, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tomasek, J. J., G. Gabbiani, B. Hinz, C. Chaponnier, and R. A. Brown. Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodeling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3:349–363, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Uchida, N., Y. Honjo, K. R. Johnson, M. J. Wheelock, and M. Takeichi. The catenin/cadherin adhesion system is localized in synaptic junctions bordering transmitter release zones. J. Cell Biol. 135:767–779, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Van Itallie, C. M., and J. M. Anderson. Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 68:403–429, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Vermeer, P. D., L. A. Einwalter, T. O. Moninger, T. Rokhlina, J. A. Kern, J. Zabner, and M. J. Welsh. Segregation of receptor and ligand regulates activation of epithelial growth factor receptor. Nature 422:322–326, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Volk, T., and B. Geiger. A-CAM: a 135-kD receptor of intercellular adherens junctions. I. Immunoelectron microscopic localization and biochemical studies. J. Cell Biol. 103:1441–1450, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wang, T. L., Y. Z. Tseng, and H. Chang. Regulation of connexin 43 gene expression by cyclical mechanical stretch in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267:551–557, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wei, C. J., R. Francis, X. Xu, and C. W. Lo. Connexin43 associated with an N-cadherin-containing multiprotein complex is required for gap junction formation in NIH3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280:19925–19936, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Yamada, K., K. G. Green, A. M. Samarel, and J. E. Saffitz. Distinct pathways regulate expression of cardiac electrical and mechanical junction proteins in response to stretch. Circ. Res. 97:346–353, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yamada, N., T. Okano, H. Sakai, F. Karikusa, Y. Sawasaki, and Y. Sakurai. Thermo responsive polymeric surfaces; control of attachment and detachment of cultured cells. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 11:571–576, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yap, A. S., W. M. Brieher, and B. M. Gumbiner. Molecular and functional analysis of cadherin-based adherens junctions. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 13:119–146, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Zhuang, J., K. A. Yamada, J. E. Saffitz, and A. G. Kleber. Pulsatile stretch remodels cell-to-cell communication in cultured myocytes. Circ. Res. 87:316–322, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflicts of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Engineering Departmental Office, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA

    Jarett E. Michaelson & Hayden Huang

Authors
  1. Jarett E. Michaelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hayden Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jarett E. Michaelson.

Additional information

Associate Editor Sriram Neelamegham oversaw the review of this article.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Michaelson, J.E., Huang, H. Cell–Cell Junctional Proteins in Cardiovascular Mechanotransduction. Ann Biomed Eng 40, 568–577 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0439-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0439-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation