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Hijacking the endocytic machinery by microbial pathogens

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Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms that microbes exploit to invade host cells and cause disease is crucial if we are to eliminate their threat. Although pathogens use a variety of microbial factors to trigger entry into non-phagocytic cells, their targeting of the host cell process of endocytosis has emerged as a common theme. To accomplish this, microbes often rewire the normal course of particle internalization, frequently usurping theoretical maximal sizes to permit entry and reconfiguring molecular components that were once thought to be required for vesicle formation. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how toxins, viruses, bacteria, and fungi manipulate the host cell endocytic machinery to generate diseases. Additionally, we will reveal the advantages of using these organisms to expand our general knowledge of endocytic mechanisms in eukaryotic cells.

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Abbreviations

AP-2:

Adaptor protein-2

ASFV:

African swine fever virus

BPV:

Bovine papillomavirus

Cav-1:

Caveolin-1

CCP:

Clathrin-coated pit

CCV:

Clathrin-coated vesicle

CD2AP:

CD2-associated protein

CME:

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

CMG:

Capillary morphogenesis

CT:

Cholera toxin

Dab2:

Disabled-2

DRM:

Detergent-resistant motif

EBVO:

Ebola virus

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EPEC:

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Eps15:

Epidermal growth factor protein substrate 15

epsin:

Eps15 interaction protein

GPI-AP:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GPCR:

G protein-coupled receptor

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HEGEC:

Human endometrial gland epithelial cell

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

KSHV:

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

LDLR:

Low-density lipoprotein receptor

MβCD:

Methyl-β-cyclodextran

MDC:

Monodansylcadaverine

MEFs:

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

PA7mer:

Heptameric PA

PV:

Poliovirus

PtdIns(4,5)P2 :

Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate

RNAi:

Ribonucleic acid interference

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

TEM:

Tumor endothelial marker

UIM:

Ubiquitin interacting motif

UPEC:

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Fern Ness for assistance in preparing figures and members of the Guttman Lab for critically reviewing this manuscript. AEL is funded through a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship Doctoral Award and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Senior Graduate Studentship. JAG is a CIHR New Investigator. Funding was provided through operating grants from the CIHR and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Shrum Science Centre, Simon Fraser University, Room B8276, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    Ann En-Ju Lin & Julian Andrew Guttman

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Lin, A.EJ., Guttman, J.A. Hijacking the endocytic machinery by microbial pathogens. Protoplasma 244, 75–90 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-010-0164-2

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