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In contrast to many other mammals, cetaceans have relatively small hippocampi that appear to lack adult neurogenesis

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Abstract

The hippocampus is essential for the formation and retrieval of memories and is a crucial neural structure sub-serving complex cognition. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the birth, migration and integration of new neurons, is thought to contribute to hippocampal circuit plasticity to augment function. We evaluated hippocampal volume in relation to brain volume in 375 mammal species and examined 71 mammal species for the presence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis using immunohistochemistry for doublecortin, an endogenous marker of immature neurons that can be used as a proxy marker for the presence of adult neurogenesis. We identified that the hippocampus in cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) is both absolutely and relatively small for their overall brain size, and found that the mammalian hippocampus scaled as an exponential function in relation to brain volume. In contrast, the amygdala was found to scale as a linear function of brain volume, but again, the relative size of the amygdala in cetaceans was small. The cetacean hippocampus lacks staining for doublecortin in the dentate gyrus and thus shows no clear signs of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This lack of evidence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, along with the small hippocampus, questions current assumptions regarding cognitive abilities associated with hippocampal function in the cetaceans. These anatomical features of the cetacean hippocampus may be related to the lack of postnatal sleep, causing a postnatal cessation of hippocampal neurogenesis.

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Acknowledgments

This work was mainly supported by funding from the South African National Research Foundation (PRM), the Swiss–South African Joint Research Program (AOI and PRM), the King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research, Research Chairs Program (AA), and by a fellowship within the Postdoctoral-Program of the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD (NP). We thank all the relevant wildlife authorities for permission to collect the material used.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa

    Nina Patzke, Muhammad A. Spocter, Richard Chawana, Amadi O. Ihunwo & Paul R. Manger

  2. Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA

    Muhammad A. Spocter

  3. Biomedical Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Karl Æ. Karlsson

  4. Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    Mads F. Bertelsen

  5. Department of Radiology, Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa

    Mark Haagensen

  6. Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Sonja Streicher & Nigel C. Bennett

  7. Faculté des Sciences, University of Kisangani, B.P 1232, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

    Consolate Kaswera

  8. Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium

    Emmanuel Gilissen

  9. Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium

    Emmanuel Gilissen

  10. Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA

    Emmanuel Gilissen

  11. KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulaziz N. Alagaili, Osama B. Mohammed & Nigel C. Bennett

  12. Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, 32610, USA

    Roger L. Reep

  13. Neurobiology Research, 151A3, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Sepulveda VA Medical Centre, North Hills, CA, 91343, USA

    Jerry M. Siegel

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  1. Nina Patzke
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Correspondence to Paul R. Manger.

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Patzke, N., Spocter, M.A., Karlsson, K.Æ. et al. In contrast to many other mammals, cetaceans have relatively small hippocampi that appear to lack adult neurogenesis. Brain Struct Funct 220, 361–383 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0660-1

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