Abstract
The rheology of fat crystal networks under linear shear deformations has been extensively studied due to its role in material functionality and sensory perceptions. In contrast, there has been limited focus on their viscoelastic response under large shear deformations imposed during processing and product use. We probed the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of fats displaying mechanics akin to ductile and brittle solids using large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). Using the FT-Chebyshev stress decomposition method, and local measures of nonlinear viscoelasticity, we obtained rheological properties relevant to bulk behavior. We found that ductile fats dissipate more viscous energy than brittle fats and show increased plastic deformation. Structural characterization revealed the presence of three hierarchy levels and layered microstructures in ductile fats in contrast to only two hierarchies and random microstructures in brittle fats. We suggest that these structural features account for increased hypothesize dissipation, which contributes to their ductile-like macroscopic behavior.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
03 March 2018
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In the last line of the Abstract, the words “suggest” and “hypothesize” should have been “hypothesize” and “viscous”, respectively.
References
Acevedo NC, Marangoni AG (2013) Functionalization of non-interesterified mixtures of fully hydrogenated fats using shear processing. Food Bioprocess Technol:575–587
Beaucage G (1995) Approximations leading to a unified exponential/power-law approach to small-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 28(6):717–728. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895005292
Beaucage G (1996) Small-angle scattering from polymeric mass fractals of arbitrary mass-fractal dimension. J Appl Crystallogr 29(2):134–146. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895011605
Chakrabarti-Bell S, Bergström JS, Lindskog E, Sridhar T (2010) Computational modeling of dough sheeting and physical interpretation of the non-linear rheological behavior of wheat flour dough. J Food Eng 100(2):278–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.04.010
Chawla P, DeMan JM, Smith KA (1990) Crystal morpholgy of shortening and margarines. Food Struct 9:329–336
Cho KS, Hyun K, Ahn KH, Lee SJ (2005) A geometrical interpretation of large amplitude oscillatory shear response. J Rheol 49(3):747–758. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1895801
Dimitriou CJ, Ewoldt RH, McKinley GH (2013) Describing and prescribing the constitutive response of yield stress fluids using large amplitude oscillatory shear stress (LAOStress). J Rheol 57(1):27–70. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4754023
Divoux T, Fardin MA, Manneville S, Lerouge S (2015) Shear banding of complex fluids. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 48:81–103
Ewoldt RH, Bharadwaj NA (2013) Low-dimensional intrinsic material functions for nonlinear viscoelasticity. Rheol Acta 52(3):201–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-013-0686-6
Ewoldt RH, Hosoi AE, McKinley GH (2008) New measures for characterizing nonlinear viscoelasticity in large amplitude oscillatory shear. J Rheol 52(6):1427–1458. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.2970095
Ewoldt RH, Hosoi AE, McKinley GH (2009) Nonlinear viscoelastic biomaterials: meaningful characterization and engineering inspiration. Integr Comp Biol 49(1):40–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp010
Ewoldt RH, Johnston MT, Caretta LM (2015) Experimental challenges of shear rheology : how to avoid bad data. In: Spagnolie SE (ed) Complex fluids in Biological systems. Springer, New York, pp 207–241
Ewoldt RH, McKinley GH (2010) On secondary loops in LAOS via self-intersection of Lissajous–Bowditch curves. Rheol Acta 49(2):213–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0408-2
Ewoldt RH, Winter P, Maxey J, McKinley GH (2010) Large amplitude oscillatory shear of pseudoplastic and elastoviscoplastic materials. Rheol Acta 49(2):191–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0403-7
Faber TJ, Van Breemen LCA, McKinley GH (2017) From firm to fluid-structure-structure-texture relations of filled gels probed under large amplitude oscillatory shear. J Food Eng 210:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.03.028
Gibaud T, Perge C, Lindström SB, Taberlet N, Manneville S (2016) Multiple yielding processes in a colloidal gel under large amplitude oscillatory stress. Soft Matter:1701–1712
Lin-Gibson S, Pathak JA, Grulke EA, Wang H, Hobbie EK (2004) Elastic flow instability in nanotube suspensions. Phys Rev Lett 92(4):048302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048302
Graham MD (1995) Wall slip and the non-linear dynamics of large amplitude oscillatory shear. J Rheol 39(4):697–712. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550652
Haighton AJ (1965) Worksoftening of margarine and shortening. J Am Oil Chem Soc 42(1):27–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02558248
Hammouda B (2010) A new Guinier-Porod model. J Appl Crystallogr 43(4):716–719. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889810015773
Heertje I (1993) Microstructural studies in fat research. Food Struct 12:77–94
Heertje I, van Eendenburg J, Cornelissen JM, Juriaanse AC (1988) The effect of processing on some microstructural characteristics of fat spreads. Food Microstruct 7:189–193
Hyun K, Kim SH, Ahn KH, Lee SJ (2002) Large amplitude oscillatory shear as a way to classify the complex fluids. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 107(1-3):51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(02)00141-6
Hyun K, Wilhelm M, Klein CO, Cho KS, Nam JG, Ahn KH, Lee SJ, Ewoldt RH, McKinley GH (2011) Progress in polymer science a review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests : analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). Prog Polym Sci 36(12):1697–1753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.002
Ilavsky J, Allen AJ, Levine LE, Zhang F, Jemian PR, Long GG (2012) High-energy ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering instrument at the advanced photon source. J Appl Crystallogr 45(6):1318–1320. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889812040022
Ilavsky J, Jemian PR (2009) Irena: tool suite for modeling and analysis of small-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 42(2):347–353. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889809002222
Ilavsky J, Zhang F, Allen AJJ, Levine LE, Jemian PR, Long GG (2013) Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering instrument at the advanced photon source: history, recent development, and current status. Metall Mater Trans A 44(1):68–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1431-y
Irwin GR (1948) Fracture dynamics. In: Fracturing of metals. American society of metals, Cleveland, OH, pp 147–166
Jacob AR, Deshpande AP, Bouteiller L (2014) Large amplitude oscillatory shear of supramolecular materials. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 206:40–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2014.03.001
Kim J, Merger D, Wilhelm M, Helgeson ME (2014) Microstructure and nonlinear signatures of yielding in a heterogeneous colloidal gel under large amplitude oscillatory shear. J Rheol 58(5):1359–1390. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4882019
Kloek W, van Vliet T, Walstra P (2005) Large deformation behavior of fat crystal networks. J Texture Stud 36:516–543
Lake J (1967) An iterative method of slit-correcting small angle X-ray data. Acta Crystallogr 23(2):191–194. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X67002440
Laurati M, Egelhaaf SU, Petekidis G (2011) Nonlinear rheology of colloidal gels with intermediate volume fraction. J Rheol 55(3):673–706. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.3571554
Li X, Wang SQ, Wang X (2009) Nonlinearity in large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) of different viscoelastic materials. J Rheol 53(5):1255–1274. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.3193713
Long GG, Jemian PR, Weertman JR, Black DR, Burdette HE, Spal R (1991) High-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering camera for anomalous scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 24(1):30–37. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889890009256
Macias-Rodriguez BA, Marangoni AA (2017) Linear and nonlinear rheological behavior of fat crystal networks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 8398:0–0
Macias-Rodriguez BA, Peyronel F, Marangoni AG (2017) The role of nonlinear viscoelasticity on the functionality of laminating shortenings. J Food Eng:1–10
Macias-Rodriguez B, Marangoni AG (2016a) Rheological characterization of triglyceride shortenings. Rheol Acta 55(9):767–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-016-0951-6
Macias-Rodriguez B, Marangoni AG (2016b) Physicochemical and rheological characterization of roll-in shortenings. J Am Oil Chem Soc 93(4):575–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2792-y
Maleky F, Smith AK, Marangoni AG (2011) Laminar shear effects on crystalline alignments and nanostructure of a triacylglycerol crystal network. Cryst Growth Des 11(6):2335–2345. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg200014w
Marangoni AG, Acevedo NC, Maleky F, Co E, Peyronel F, Mazzanti G, Quinn B, Pink D (2012) Structure and functionality of edible fats. Soft Matter 8(5):1275–1300. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SM06234D
Min Kim J, Eberle APR, Kate Gurnon A, Porcar L, Wagner NJ (2014) The microstructure and rheology of a model, thixotropic nanoparticle gel under steady shear and large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). J Rheol 58(5):1301–1328. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4878378
Moghimi E, Jacob AR, Koumakis N, Petekidis G (2017) Colloidal gels tuned by oscillatory shear. Soft Matter 13(12):2371–2383. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SM02508K
Narine SS, Marangoni AG (1999a) Mechanical and structural model of fractal networks of fat crystals at low deformations. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 60(6 Pt B):6991–7000
Narine SS, Marangoni AG (1999b) Relating structure of fat crystal networks to mechanical properties. A review Food Res Int 32(4):227–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(99)00078-2
Narine SS, Marangoni AG (1999c) Fractal nature of fat crystal networks. Phys Rev E 59(2):1908–1920. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.59.1908
Orowan E (1949) Fracture and strength of solids. Rep Prog Phys 12(1):185–232. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/12/1/309
Peyronel F, Pink DA, Marangoni AG (2014a) Triglyceride nanocrystal aggregation into polycrystalline colloidal networks: ultra-small angle X-ray scattering, models and computer simulation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 19(5):459–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2014.07.001
Peyronel F, Quinn B, Marangoni AG, Pink DA (2014b) Ultra small angle x-ray scattering in complex mixtures of triacylglycerols. J Phys Condens Matter 26(46):464110. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/26/46/464110
Pink DA, Peyronel F, Quinn B, Singh P, Marangoni AG (2015) Condensation versus diffusion. A spatial-scale-independent theory of aggregate structures in edible oils: applications to model systems and commercial shortenings studied via rheology and USAXS. J Phys D Appl Phys 48:384003
Ramamirtham S, Shahin S, Basavaraj MG, Deshpander AP (2017) Controlling the yield behavior of fat-oil mixtures using cooling rate. Rheol Acta 56(12):971–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-017-1048-6
Ritchie RO (2011) The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nat Mater 10(11):817–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3115
Rogers SA (2012) A sequence of physical processes determined and quantified in (LAOS): an instantaneous local 2D/3D approach. J Rheol 56(5):1129–1151. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4726083
Rogers SA, Erwin BM, Vlassopoulos D, Cloitre M (2011) A sequence of physical processes determined and quantified in LAOS: application to a yield stress fluid. J Rheol 55(2):435–458. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.3544591
Rogers SA, Lettinga MP (2012) A sequence of physical processes determined and quantified in large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS): application to theoretical nonlinear models. J Rheol 56(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.3662962
Scott Blair GW (1954) The rheology of fats: a review. J Sci Food Agric 5(9):401–405. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740050902
Sen D, Buehler MJ (2011) Structural hierarchies define toughness and defect-tolerance despite simple and mechanically inferior brittle building blocks. Sci Rep 1:1–9
Sone T (1961) The rheological behavior and thixotropy of a fatty plastic body. J Phys Soc Japan 16(5):961–971. https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.16.961
Thareja P (2013) Rheology and microstructure of pastes with crystal network. Rheol Acta 52(5):515–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-013-0716-4
Thomas TY (1961) Plastic flow and fracture in solids. In: Bellman R (ed) Plastic flow and fracture in solids. Academic Press, London
Thomas TY (1967) Slip and fracture in britle solids. Int J Eng Sci 5(8):621–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(67)90061-4
Uauy R, Aro A, Clarke R, Ghafoorunissa R, L’Abbe M, Mozaffarian D, Skeaff M, Stender S, Tavella M (2009) WHO Scientific Update on trans fatty acids: summary and conclusions. Eur J Clin Nutr 63:68–75
van den Tempel M (1961) Mechanical properties of plastic-disperse systems at very small deformations. J Colloid Sci 16(3):284–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-8522(61)90005-8
van den Tempel M (1958) Rheology of plastic fats. Rheol Acta 1(2-3):115–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01968849
van der Vaart K, Rahmani Y, Zargar R, Hu Z, Bonn D, Schall P (2013) Rheology of concentrated soft and hard-sphere suspensions. J Rheol 57(4):1195–1209. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4808054
Vartiainen E, Laatikainen T, Peltonen M, Juolevi A, Mannisto S, Sundvall J, Jousilahti P, Salomaa V, Valsta L, Puska P (2010) Thirty-five-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors in Finland. Int J Epidemiol 39(2):504–518. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp330
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to Dr. Jan Ilavsky and his team at beam line 9ID for their invaluable support and help through the data collection and analysis of USAXS. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We also greatly acknowledge Dr. Fernanda Peyronel (Food Science, University of Guelph) for helping with USAXS data reduction and interpretation, Dr. David Pink (Physics, St. Francis Xavier University) for discussions on USAXS, Mr. Gaurav Chaudhary for discussions on LAOS rheology (Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), and Dr. Peter X. Chen (Food Science, University of Guelph) for helping with video recording.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-1082-z.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 3292 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macias-Rodriguez, B.A., Ewoldt, R.H. & Marangoni, A.G. Nonlinear viscoelasticity of fat crystal networks. Rheol Acta 57, 251–266 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-1072-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-1072-1