Abstract
How the Hadley circulation changes in response to global climate change and how its change impacts upon regional and global climates has generated a lot of interest in the literature in the past few years. In this paper, consistent and statistically significant poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation in the past few decades is demonstrated, using independent observational datasets as proxy measures of the Hadley circulation. Both observational outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation datasets show an annual average total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells of about 3.6° latitude. Sea level pressure from observational and reanalysis datasets show smaller magnitudes of poleward expansion, of about 1.2° latitude. Ensemble general circulation model simulations forced by observed time-varying sea surface temperatures were found to generate a total poleward expansion of about 1.23° latitude. Possible mechanisms behind the changes in the horizontal extent of the Hadley circulation are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, R. F., and Coauthors, 2003: The Version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979-Present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147–1167.
Allan, R. J., and T. J. Ansell, 2006: A new globally complete monthly historical mean sea level pressure data set (HadSLP2): 1850–2004. J. Climate, 19, 5816–5842.
Chen, J. Y., B. E. Carlson, and A. D. Del Genio, 2002: Evidence for strengthening of the tropical general circulation in the 1990s. Science, 295, 838–841.
Chen, G., and I. M. Held, 2007: Phase speed spectra and the recent poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21805, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031200.
Chen, G., J. Lu, and D. M. W. Frierson, 2008: Phase speed spectra and the latitude of surface westerlies: Interannual variability and global warming trend. J. Climate, 21, 5942–5959.
Frierson, D. M. W., J. Lu, and G. Chen, 2007: The width of the Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circulation models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18804, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031115.
Fu, Q., C. M. Johanson, J. M. Wallace, and T. Reichler, 2006: Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements. Science, 312, 1179.
Held, I. M., 2000: The general circulation of the atmosphere. Proc. 2000 Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Woods Hole, MA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 1–54. [Available online at http://gfd.whoi.edu.]
Held, I. M., and A. Y. Hou, 1980: Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J. Atmos. Res., 37, 515–533.
Hu, Y., and Q. Fu, 2007: Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5229–5236.
Hu, Y., and C. Zhou, 2009: Decadal changes in the Hadley circulation. Vol. 10, Advances in Geosciences, J. H. Oh, Ed., World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 250pp.
Hu, Y., K. Tung, and J. Liu, 2005: A closer comparison of early and late winter atmospheric trends in the Northern-Hemisphere. J. Climate, 18, 2924–2936.
Hudson, R. D., M. F. Andrade, M. B. Follette, and A. D. Frolov, 2006: The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes, Part II: Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5183–5191.
Huffman, G. J., R. F. Adler, M. Morrissey, D. T. Bolvin, S. Curtis, R. Joyce, B. McGavock, and J. Susskind, 2001: Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations. J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 36–50.
Johanson, C. M., and Q. Fu, 2009: Hadley Cell Widening: Model Simulations versus Observations. J. Climate, 22, 2713–2725.
Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437–471.
Kanamitsu, M., and Coauthors, 2002: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631–1643.
Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1998: The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1131–1149.
Liebmann, B., and C. A. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1275–1277.
Lu, J., G. Vecchi, and T. Reichler, 2007: Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06805, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028443.
Lu, J., G. Chen, and D. M. W. Frierson, 2008: Response of the zonal mean atmospheric circulation to El Niño versus global warming. J. Climate, 21, 5835–5851.
Lu, J., C. Deser, and T. Reichler, 2009: The cause for the widening of the tropical belt since 1958. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03803, doi: 10.1029/GL036076.
Mitas, C. M., and A. Clement, 2005: Has the Hadley cell been strengthening in recent decades? Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021765.
Mitas, C. M., and A. Clement, 2006: Recent behavior of the Hadley cell and tropical thermodynamics in climate models and reanalyses. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01810, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024406.
Seidel, D. J., and W. J. Randel, 2007: Recent widening of the tropical belt: Evidence from tropopause observations. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20113, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008861.
Seidel, D. J., Q. Fu, W. J. Randel, and T. J. Reichler, 2008: Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–24.
Son, S.-W., and Coauthors, 2008: The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery on the southern hemisphere westerly jet. Science, 320, 1486–1489.
Son, S.-W., N. F. Tandon, L. M. Polvani, and D. W. Waugh, 2009: Ozone hole and Southern Hemisphere climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15705, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038671.
Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 reanalysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012.
Wielicki, B. A., and Coauthors, 2002: Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget. Science, 295, 841–844.
Wong, T., B. A. Wielicki, and R. B. Lee III, 2006: Reexamination of the observed decadal variability of the earth radiation budget using altitude-corrected ERBE/ERBS nonscanner WFOV data. J. Climate, 19, 4028–4040.
Zhang, X., F. W. Zwiers, G. C. Hegerl, F. H. Lambert, N. P. Gillett, S. Solomon, P. A. Stott, and T. Nozawa, 2007: Detection of human influence on twentiethcentury precipitation trends. Nature, 448, 461–465.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hu, Y., Zhou, C. & Liu, J. Observational evidence for poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 28, 33–44 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0032-1
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0032-1