Abstract
We studied the normal ocular development of the chick (Gallus gallus domesticus, White Leghorn) up to 15 days of age using both longitudinal and cross-sectional methods. The change in refractive error, corneal curvature and axial ocular distances were used to construct schematic eyes. Equations are presented which allow prediction of refractive error changes associated with changes in vitreous chamber depth. The mean refractive error was +3.2 D at hatching, which reduced by 66% over the first 3 days and stabilized by 11 days of age. The lens thickened and the anterior chamber deepened from hatching, but vitreal elongation and corneal flattening were delayed until after the first 3 days, suggesting that normal eye growth may be initially inhibited or inactive during an initial emmetropization period, and subsequently activated in response to myopic defocus arising from the continually expanding lens. Finally, when compared with published data on other chick strains, we find differences in the degree of hyperopia at hatching due to differences in lens thickness. However, the rate of ocular and vitreal expansion and the developmental changes in corneal power are similar, making the schematic eyes presented here generally applicable to different strains of chickens.
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Abbreviations
- F :
-
Corneal power (diopters)
- n :
-
Refractive index
- r :
-
Radius of curvature (m)
- PND:
-
Posterior nodal distance
- RoC:
-
Radius of curvature
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to Eleanor Huber, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle for animal care and husbandry. All procedures were approved by the University of Newcastle Animal Care and Ethics Committee in accordance with the NSW Animal Research Act (1985) and complied with NIH guidelines.
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Avila, N.V., McFadden, S.A. A detailed paraxial schematic eye for the White Leghorn chick. J Comp Physiol A 196, 825–840 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-010-0562-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-010-0562-0