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Cuticle ultrastructure, cuticular lipid composition, and gene expression in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis stems and leaves

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An increased permeability of the cuticle is closely associated with downregulation of genes involved in cuticular lipid synthesis in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis and may allow plants to cope with oxygen deficiency.

Abstract

The hydrophobic cuticle layer consisting of cutin polyester and cuticular wax is the first barrier to protect the aerial parts of land plants from environmental stresses. In the present study, we investigated the role of cuticle membrane in Arabidopsis responses to oxygen deficiency. TEM analysis showed that the epidermal cells of hypoxia-treated Arabidopsis stems and leaves possessed a thinner electron-translucent cuticle proper and a more electron-dense cuticular layer. A reduction in epicuticular wax crystal deposition was observed in SEM images of hypoxia-treated Arabidopsis stem compared with normoxic control. Cuticular transpiration was more rapid in hypoxia-stressed leaves than in normoxic control. Total wax and cutin loads decreased by approximately 6–12 and 12–22%, respectively, and the levels of C29 alkanes, secondary alcohols, and ketones, C16:0 ω-hydroxy fatty acids, and C18:2 dicarboxylic acids were also prominently reduced in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis leaves and/or stems relative to normoxic control. Genome-wide transcriptome and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of several genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers were downregulated more than fourfold, but no significant alterations were detected in the transcript levels of fatty acid biosynthetic genes, BCCP2, PDH-E1α, and ENR1 in hypoxia-treated Arabidopsis stems and leaves compared with normoxic control. Taken together, an increased permeability of the cuticle is closely associated with downregulation of genes involved in cuticular lipid synthesis in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis. The present study elucidates one of the cuticle-related adaptive responses that may allow plants to cope with low oxygen levels.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Anna Sim at Chonnam National University and Ji Hye Hwang at the Agricultural Genome Center for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation (NRF-2016R1A2B2010068) of Republic of Korea, the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program PJ011052) of the Rural Development Administration and IPET (Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology) of Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (312033-05), Republic of Korea.

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  1. Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea

    Hyojin Kim & Mi Chung Suh

  2. Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea

    Dongsu Choi

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  1. Hyojin Kim
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Kim, H., Choi, D. & Suh, M.C. Cuticle ultrastructure, cuticular lipid composition, and gene expression in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis stems and leaves. Plant Cell Rep 36, 815–827 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-017-2112-5

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