Abstract
Helicops angulatus (broad-banded water snake) according to recent proposals is presently cited in the family Dipsadidae, subfamily Xenodontinae, forming the tribe Hydropsini along with the genera Hydrops and Pseudoeryx. The current work characterizes the proteolytic and neurotoxic activities of H. angulatus crude toxins from salivary excretion (SE) and describes the isolation and identification of a cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) called helicopsin. The SE lethal dose (LD50) was 5.3 mg/kg; however, the SE did not contain hemorrhagic activity. Helicopsin was purified using activity-guided, Superose 12 10/300 GL molecular exclusion, Mono Q10 ion exchange, and Protein Pak 60 molecular exclusion. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) showed a highly purified band of approximately 20 kDa. The minimal lethal dose for helicopsin was 0.4 mg/kg. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified 2 unique peptides MEWYPEAAANAER and YTQIVWYK, representing a protein sequence (deleted homology) belonging to cysteine-rich secretory proteins, which are conserved in snake venoms (CRISPs). CRISPs are a large family of cysteine-rich secretory proteins found in various organisms and participate in diverse biological processes. Helicopsin exhibited robust neurotoxic activity as evidenced by immediate death (~8 min) due to respiratory paralysis in NIH mice. These observations for helicopsin purified from H. angulatus provide further evidence of the extensive distribution of highly potent neurotoxins in the Colubroidea superfamily of snakes than previously described.
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This research was supported by a grant from the FONACIT (G-2005000400), Venezuela. We would like to thank the anonymous referee for the important comments that improved the manuscript.
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Amalid Estrella and Elda E. Sánchez contributed equally to this work.
Ethical statement: The persons behind the experiments declare that all the experimental events concerning the use of live animals were done by specialized personnel following the Venezuelan pertinent regulations as well as institutional guidelines, according to protocols approved by the Tropical Medicine Institute of the Universidad Central de Venezuela and the norms from the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, published by the US National Institute of Health (Anonymous 1985).
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Estrella, A., Sánchez, E.E., Galán, J.A. et al. Characterization of toxins from the broad-banded water snake Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758): isolation of a cysteine-rich secretory protein, Helicopsin. Arch Toxicol 85, 305–313 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0597-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0597-6