Abstract
Temporal discounting assessments measure the reduction in the subjective value of a reward as a function of the delay to that reward, and are correlated with behavior in social dilemma. Among the solutions proposed for defection in social dilemmas is a single individual making the decisions for the group. The present study examined the influence of group context on temporal discounting. Participants completed temporal discounting procedures when the outcomes affected only the individual and when outcomes affected a group of 10, including the individual. Though no overall difference was observed between the individual and group conditions, sex was found to be a moderating variable: Males discounted significantly more when discounting for the individual, but females discounted significantly more when discounting for the group. These results indicate that sex is an important variable when making intertemporal decisions for a group.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AINSLIE, G. (1992). Picoeconomics: The interaction of successive motivational states within the person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ALESSI, S. M., & PETRY, N. M. (2003). Pathological gambling severity is associated with impulsivity in a delay discounting procedure. Behavioural Processes, 64, 345–354.
ANDREONI, J., & VESTERLUND, L. (2001). Which is the fair sex? Gender differences in altruism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 293–312.
BICKEL, W. K., & MARSCH, L. A. (2001). Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes. Addiction, 96, 73–86.
BICKEL, W. K., MILLER, M. L., YI, R., KOWAL., B. P., LINDQUIST, D. M., & PITCOCK, J. A. (2007). Behavioral and neuroeconomics of drug addiction: Competing neural systems and temporal discounting processes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90, S85–S91.
BOLTON, G. E., & KATOK, E. (1995). An experimental test for gender differences in beneficent behavior. Economic Letters, 48, 287–292.
BREWER, M. B., & KRAMER, R. M. (1986). Choice behavior in social dilemmas: Effect of social identity, group size, and decision framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 50(3), 543–549.
BROWN-KRUSE, J., & HUMMELS, D. (1993). Gender effects in laboratory public goods contributions: Do individuals put their money where their mouth is. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 22, 255–268.
CADSBY, C. B., & MAYNES, E. (1998). Gender and free riding in a threshold public goods game: Experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 34, 603–620.
DIXON, M. R., MARLEY, J., & JACOBS, E. A. (2003). Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 449–458
ECKEL, C. C., & GROSSMAN, P. J. (1998). Are women less selfish than men? Evidence from dictator experiments. Economic Journal, 108, 726–735.
ECKEL, C. C., & GROSSMAN, P. J. (2008). Sex and risk: Experimental evidence. Manuscript submitted for publication.
EPSTEIN, L. H., RICHARDS, J. B., SAAD, F. G., PALUCH, R. A., ROEMMICH, J. N., & LERMAN, C. (2003). Comparison between two measures of delay discounting in smokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 131–138.
FLEISHMAN, J. A. (1980). Collective action as helping behavior: Effects of responsibility diffusion on contributions to a public good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 629–637.
GREEN, L., FRY, A. F., & MYERSON, J. (1994). Discounting of delayed rewards: A. life-span comparison. Psychological Science, 5, 33–36.
GREEN, L., MYERSON, J., & OSTASZEWSKI, P. (1999). Amount of reward has opposite effects on the discounting of delayed and probabilistic outcomes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 418–427.
HARRIS, A. C., & MADDEN, G. J. (2002). Delay discounting and performance on the prisoner’s dilemma game. Psychological Record, 52, 429–440.
HEEREY, E. A., ROBINSON, B. M., MCMAHON, R. P., & GOLD, J. M. (2007). Delay discounting in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 213–221.
HOLT, D. D., GREEN, L., & MYERSON, J. (2003). Is discounting impulsive? Evidence from temporal and probability discounting in gambling and non-gambling college students. Behavioural Processes, 64, 355–367.
JONES, B., & RACHLIN, H. (2006). Social discounting. Psychological Science, 17, 283–286.
KIRBY, K. N., & MARKOVIC, N. (1995). Modeling myopic decisions: Evidence for hyperbolic delay-discounting within subject and amounts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64, 22–30.
KIRBY, K. N., & MARKOVIC, N. (1996). Delayed-discounting probabilistic rewards: Rates decrease as amounts increase. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 3, 100–104.
KOWAL, B. P., YI, R., ERISMAN, A., & BICKEL, W. K. (2007). A. comparison of two algorithms in computerized temporal discounting procedures. Behavioural Processes, 75, 231–236.
KRAMER, R. M., & BREWER, M. B. (1984). Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 46, 1044–1057.
MADDEN, G. J., BEGOTKA, A. M., RAIFF, B. R., & KASTERN, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 139–145.
MADDEN, G. J., BICKEL, W. K., & JACOBS, E. A. (1999). Discounting of delayed rewards in opioid-dependent outpatients: Exponential or hyperbolic discounting functions. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 7, 284–293.
MADDEN, G. J., RAIFF, B. R., LAGORIO, C. H., BEGOTKA, A. M., MUELLER, A. M., HEHLI, D. J., & WEGENER, A. A. (2004). Delay discounting of potentially real and hypothetical rewards: Ii. Between- and within-subject comparisons. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 251–261.
MAZUR, J. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In M. Commons, J. Mazur, J. Nevin, & H. Rachlin (Eds.). The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value (pp. 55–73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
MESSICK, D. M., & BREWER, M. B. (1983). Solving social dilemmas: A. review. In L. Wheeler & P. Shaver (Eds.). Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 11–44). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
NAVARICK, D. J. (2004). Discounting of delayed reinforcers: Measurement by questionnaires versus operant choice procedures. The Psychological Record, 54, 85–94.
NOWELL, C. & TINKLER, S. (1994). The influence of gender on the provision of a public good. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 25, 25–36.
RACHLIN, H. (2000). The science of self-control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
RACHLIN, H., & JONES, B. (2008a). Altruism among relatives and non-relatives. Behavioural Processes, 79, 120–123.
RACHLIN, H., & JONES, B. (2008b). Social discounting and delay discounting. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(1). 29–43.
REIMERS, S., MAYLOR, E. A., STEWART, N., & CHATER, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measures and age, income, education, and real-world impulsive behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 973–978.
REYNOLDS, B. (2006). A. review of delay-discounting research with humans: Relations to drug use and gambling. Behavioural Pharmacology, 17, 651–667.
ROBLES, E., & VARGAS, P. A. (2007). Functional parameters of delay discounting assessment tasks: Order of presentation. Behavioural Processes, 75, 237–241.
ROBLES, E., & VARGAS, P. A. (2008). Parameters of delay discounting assessment: Number of trials, efforts, and sequential effects. Behavioural Processes, 78, 285–290.
SEGUINO, S., STEVENS, T., & LUTZ, M. (1996). Gender and cooperative behaviour: Economic man rides alone. Feminist Economics, 2, 1–21.
SELL, J. (1997). Gender, strategies, and contributions to public goods. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 252–265.
SELL, J., GRIFFITH, W. I., & WILSON, R. K. (1993). Are women more cooperative then men in social dilemmas. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56, 211–222.
SELL, J., & WILSON, R. K. (1991). Levels of information and contributions to public goods. Social Forces, 70, 107–124.
SIMPSON, C. A., & VUCHINICH, R. E. (2000). Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting. The Psychological Record, 50, 3–16.
SMITH, C. L., & HANTULA, D. A. (2008). Methodological considerations in the study of delay discounting in intertemporal choice: A. comparison of tasks and modes. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 940–953.
WELLER, R. E., COOK, E. W., AVSAR, K. B., & COX, J. E. (2008). Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women. Appetite, 51, 563–569.
WHELAN, R., & MCHUGH, L. A. (2009). Temporal discounting of hypothetical monetary rewards by adolescents, adults, and older adults. The Psychological Record, 59, 247–258.
YI, R., BUCHHALTER, A. R., GATCHALIAN, K. M., & BICKEL, W. K. (2007). The relationship between temporal discounting and the prisoner’s dilemma game in intranasal abusers of prescription opioids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87, 94–97.
YI, R., DE LA PIEDAD, X., & BICKEL, W.K. (2006). The combined effects of delay and probability discounting. Behavioural Processes, 73, 149–155.
YI, R., JOHNSON, M. W., & BICKEL, W. K. (2005). Relationship between cooperation in an iterated prisoner’s dilemma game and the discounting of hypothetical outcomes. Learning and Behavior, 33, 324–336.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This research was funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant R01 DA11692.
The authors thank Katie McLean, Cody Burnett, Larrah Jenkins, and Renee Steed for assistance with data collection and analysis.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yi, R., King, L.F., Carter, A.E. et al. Intertemporal Decision-Making for a Group. Psychol Rec 60, 577–586 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395733
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395733