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Influence of tillage and method of metam sodium application on distribution and survival ofVerticillium dahliae in the soil and the development of verticillium wilt of potato

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Abstract

The effect of plowing and deep-rip tillage, in combination with chemigation or shank injection of metam sodium, onVerticillium dahliae populations and disease development was assessed in two fields with differing soil types and potato rotations. Soil samples were collected on a geo-referenced basis at depths of 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm before tillage, after tillage, after chemical application, and before planting and assayed for the presence of the pathogen. Propagules ofV. dahliae were detected at 140 of 141 sites sampled prior to tillage. Most (74.4% in heavy, sandy loam; 63.1% in light, loamy sand) were concentrated in upper 10 cm of the soil profile. Plowing redistributed inoculum vertically while deep-rip tillage did not. In the non-chemical treated areas of both fields, theVerticillium population reached a maximum between 25 July and 8 August before declining to near pre-tillage levels. Overall, the population generally was lower in the field with heavy soil, higher organic matter content, and a 3-year crop rotation. Metam sodium appeared to be most effective when shank injected, as the levels of inoculum in both fields declined by 60% to 80% following this application method. Chemigation was ineffective in the lighter soil, but the inoculum density in the deep-rip tillage area of the field with the heavier soil declined by nearly 20% in the upper and 60% in the lower strata following this treatment. The number ofV. dahliae propagules at the 10- to 20-cm depth in the plowed area of the same field was reduced by 25% following chemigation, but remained unchanged in the upper strata. Wilt was reduced in both fields by as much as 50% with shank injection of metam sodium with concomitant increases in total yield, marketable yield and gross income. Increases in total yield were significant (P<0.05) for the main effect of chemical, in the plowed area of the field with the heavier soil type following shank injection. These data suggest that growers might benefit from altering their tillage and chemical application practices as part of an integrated approach to managing Verticillium wilt.

Resumen

Se probó en dos campos con diferentes tipos de suelo y rotaciones de papa, el efecto de labranza y de aradura profunda, en combinación con la aplicación de productos químicos por el agua de riego e inyección (shank injection) de metasodio en el suelo, sobre poblaciones deVerticillium dahliae y desarrollo de la enfermedad. Las muestras de suelo se colectaron por zonas geográficas, a profundidades de 0 a 10cm y 10 a 20 cm antes del barbecho, después del barbecho, después de la aplicación de productos químicos y antes de la siembra y se hizo la prueba de presencia del patógeno. Los propágulos deV. dahliae se detectaron en 140 de los 141 lugares de muestreo antes del barbecho. La mayoría (74.4% en suelos areno-arcillosos pesados; 63.1% en suelos areno-arcillosos ligeros) estaban concentrados en los 10cm superiores del suelo. La labranza redistribuyó el inóculo verticalmente, mientras que la aradura profunda no lo hizo. En las áreas de ambos campos que no fueron tratadas químicamente, la población deVerticillium alcanzó el máximo entre el 25 de julio y el 8 de agosto antes de disminuir a niveles de pre-barbecho. Sobre todo, la población fue generalmente más baja en campos con suelo pesado, alto contenido de materia orgánica y una rotación de tres años. El metasodio se mostró más efectivo cuando se inyectó, ya que los niveles de inóculo en ambos campos disminuyeron en un 60–80% con este método de aplicación. La aplicación de productos químicos por medio del riego no fue efectiva en suelo más ligero pero la densidad de inóculo en áreas de suelo con aradura profunda y suelo más pesado disminuyó cerca de 20% en la parte superior y 60% en el estrato inferior después de este tratamiento. El número de propágulos deV. dahliae a 10 a 20 cm de profundidad en el área arada del mismo campo se redujo después de la aplicación de productos químicos por riego en un 25% pero permaneció igual en el estrato superior. La marchitez se redujo en ambos campos en un 50% con el metasodio inyectado al suelo con el concomitante incremento del rendimiento total, rendimiento comerciable e ingresos totales. Los incrementos en el rendimiento total fueron significativos (P<0.05), principalmente por el efecto del producto químico, en áreas del campo con suelo pesado después de inyección de producto químico. Estos datos sugieren que los productores pueden obtener beneficios alterando la labranza y las prácticas de aplicación de productos químicos como parte de un manejo integrado para marchitez por Verticillium.

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Abbreviations

AUDPC:

area under disease progress curve

GPS:

global positioning system

MITC:

methylisothiocyanate

PED:

Potato early dying

RAUDPC:

relative area under disease progress curve

vppg:

Verticillium propagules per gram of soil

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Correspondence to Neil C. Gudmestad.

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Taylor, R.J., Pasche, J.S. & Gudmestad, N.C. Influence of tillage and method of metam sodium application on distribution and survival ofVerticillium dahliae in the soil and the development of verticillium wilt of potato. Am. J. Pot Res 82, 451–461 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872223

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