Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nanocrystalline metals prepared by high-energy ball milling

  • Published:
Metallurgical Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This is a first systematic report on the synthesis of completely nanocrystalline metals by high-energy deformation processes. Pure metals with body-centered cubic (bcc) and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structures are subjected to ball milling, resulting in a decrease of the average grain size to ≈9 nm for metals with bcc and to ≈13 nm for metals with hcp crystal structures. This new class of metastable materials exhibits an increase of the specific heat up to 15 pct at room temperature and a mechanically stored energy determined as up to 30 pct of the heat of fusion after 24 hours of high-energy ball milling. The grain boundary energy as determined by calorimetry is higher than the energy for fully equilibrated high-angle grain boundaries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. S. Benjamin:Metall. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, pp. 2943–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. C. Politis and W. L. Johnson:J. Appl. Phys., 1986, vol. 60, pp. 1147–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. E. Hellstem and L. Schultz:Phil. Mag. B, 1987, vol. 56, pp. 443–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Guinier:X-ray Diffraction, Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1963, p. 124.

  5. J. Friedel:Dislocations, Pergamon, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1964, p. 418.

    Google Scholar 

  6. E. Hellstem, H. J. Fecht, Z. Fu, and W. L. Johnson:J. Appl. Phys., 1989, vol. 65, pp. 305–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. R. Hultgren, P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman:Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. Turnbull:Metall. Trans. B, 1981, vol. 12B, pp. 217–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. R. Birringer, H. Gleiter, H. P. Klein, and P. Marquardt:Phys. Lett., 1984, vol. 102A, pp. 365–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. W. L. Johnson:Prog. Mater. Sci., 1986, vol. 30, pp. 81–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. W. Gust, B. Predel, and K. J. Stenzel:Z. Metallkd., 1978, vol. 69, pp. 721–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Hatherly and A. S. Malin:Scripta Metall., 1984, vol. 18, pp. 449–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. J. Clifton, J. Duffy, K. A. Hartley, and T. G. Shawki:Scripta Metall., 1984, vol. 18, pp. 443–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. E. Hellstern, H. J. Fecht, C. Garland, and W. L. Johnson:MRS Symp. Proc, 1989, vol. 132, pp. 137–42.

    Google Scholar 

  15. D. A. Rigney:Amu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1988, vol. 18, pp. 141–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Karch, R. Birringer, and H. Gleiter:Nature, 1987, vol. 330, pp. 556–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Engineering Materials, California Institute of Technology, 91125, Pasadena, CA

    H. J. Fecht (Senior Research Associate), Z. Fu (Graduate Student) & W. L. Johnson (Mettler Professor of Engineering and Applied Science)

  2. Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, D-6200, Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany

    E. Hellstern

Authors
  1. H. J. Fecht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Hellstern
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Z. Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W. L. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

E. Hellstern, formerly Research Associate, California Institute of Technology

This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Interface Science and Engineering” presented during the 1988 World Materials Congress and the TMS Fall Meeting, Chicago, IL, September 26–29, 1988, under the auspices of the ASM-MSD Surfaces and Interfaces Committee and the TMS Electronic Device Materials Committee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fecht, H.J., Hellstern, E., Fu, Z. et al. Nanocrystalline metals prepared by high-energy ball milling. Metall Trans A 21, 2333–2337 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646980

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646980

Keywords

Search

Navigation