Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Superantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

  • Published:
Springer Seminars in Immunopathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Acha-Orbea H, McDevitt HO (1987) The first external domain of the non-obese diabetic mouse class II, 1-A beta chain is unique. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2435

    Google Scholar 

  2. Acha-Orbea H, Palmer E (1991) Mls — a retrovirus exploits the immune system. Immunol Today 12: 356

    Google Scholar 

  3. Acha-Orbea H, Shakhov AN, Scarpellino L, Kolb E, Muller V, Vessaz-Shaw A, Fuchs R, Blochlinger K, Rollini P, Billotte J, Sarafidou M, MacDonald HR, Diggelman H (1991) Clonal deletion of Vβ14bearing T cells in mice transgenic for mammary tumor virus. Nature 350: 207

    Google Scholar 

  4. Assan R, Feutren G, Debray-Sachs M, Quiniou-Debrie MC, Laborie C, Thomas G, Chatenoud L, Bach JF (1985) Metabolic and immunological effects of cyclosporin in recently diagnosed type I diabetes mellitus. Lancet I: 67

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bach JF (1993) Immunosuppressive therapy of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 14: 322

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot H-J, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, DeCamilli P (1990) Identification of the 64 K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 347: 151

    Google Scholar 

  7. Banatvala JE, Bryan J, Schernthaner G, Borkenstein M, Schober E, Brown D, De Silva LM, Menser MA, Silink M (1985) Coxackie B-, mumps-, rubella-and cytomegalovirus-specific IgM responses in patients with juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Britain, Austria and Australia. Lancet I: 1409

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, Pyke DA (1981) Diabetes in identical twins: a study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 20: 87

    Google Scholar 

  9. Berczi I, Baragar FD, Chalmers IM, Keystone EC, Nagy E, Warrington RJ (1993) Hormones in self tolerance and autoimmunity: a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis? Autoimmunity 16: 45

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bergman B, Haskins K (1994) Islet-specific T-cell clones from the NOD mouse respond to betagranule antigen. Diabetes 43: 197

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bittner JJ (1936) Some possible effects of nursing on the mammary gland tumor incidence in mice. Science 84: 162

    Google Scholar 

  12. Blackman M, Kappler J, Marrack P (1990) The role of T cell receptor in positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Science 248: 1335

    Google Scholar 

  13. Blalock JE (1994) The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. Immunol Today 15: 504

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bonifacio E, Bingley PJ, Shattock M, Dean BM, Dunger D, Gale EA, Bottazzo GF (1990) Quantification of islet-cell antibodies and prediction of insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 335: 147

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bottazzo GF, Florin-Christensen, Doniach D (1974) Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies. Lancet II: 1279

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bouchard P, Sai P, Reach G, Caubarrere I, Ganeval D, Assan R (1982) Diabetes mellitus following pentamidine-induced hypoglycemia in humans. Diabetes 31: 40

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bowness P, Moss PAH, Tranter H, Bell JI, McMichael AJ (1992)Clostridium perfrigens enterotoxin is a superantigen reactive with human T cell receptor Vβ6.9 and Vβ22. J Exp Med 176: 893

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boyd RL, Tucek CL, Godfrey DI, Izon DJ, Wilson TJ, Davidson NJ, Bean AGD, Ladyman HM, Ritter MA, Hugo P (1993) The thymic microenvironment. Immunol Today 14: 145

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bronson DL, Fraley EE, Fogh J, Kalter SS (1979) Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 63: 337

    Google Scholar 

  20. Brookes SM, Pandolfino YA, Mitchell TJ, Venables PJW, Shattles WG, Clark DA, Entwistle A, Maini RN (1992) The immune response to and expression of cross-reactive retroviral GAG sequences in autoimmune disease. J Rheumatol 31: 735

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brown J, Jardetzky T, Saper M, Samraoui B, Bjorkman P, Wiley D (1988) A hypothetical model of the foreign antigen binding site of class II histocompatibility molecules. Nature 332: 845

    Google Scholar 

  22. Burkart V, Imai Y, Kallman B, Kolb H (1992) Cyclosporin A protects pancreatic islet cells from nitric oxide dependent macrophage cytotoxicity. Fed Eur Biochem Soc 313: 56

    Google Scholar 

  23. Castano L, Russo E, Zhou L, Lipes MA, Eisenbarth GS (1991) Identification and cloning of a granule autoantigen (carboxypeptidase H) associated with type I diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 1197

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chicz RM, Urban RG, Lane WS, Gorga JC, Stern LJ, Vignali DAA, Strominger JL (1992) Predominant naturally processed peptides bound to HLA-DR1 are derived from MHC-related molecules and are heterogeneous in size. Nature 358: 764

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chicz RM, Urban RG, Gorga JC, Vignali DAA, Lane WS, Strominger JL (1993) Specificity and promiscuity among naturally processed peptides bound to HLA-DR alleles. J Exp Med 178: 27

    Google Scholar 

  26. Choi Y, Kappler JW, Marrack P (1991) A superantigen encoded in the open reading frame of the 3′ long terminal repeat of the mouse mammary tumor virus. Nature 350: 203

    Google Scholar 

  27. Clark CM, Lee DA (1995) Prevention and treatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 332: 1210

    Google Scholar 

  28. Coffin JM (1991) Retroviridae and their replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM (eds) Fundamental virology, 2nd edn. Raven Press, New York, pp 645–708

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cole BC, Kartchner DR, Wells DJ (1990) Stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by a mitogen derived fromMycoplasma arthritidis (MAM). VIII. Selective activation of T cells expressing distinct Vβ T cell receptors from various strains of mice by the “superantigen” MAM. J Immunol 144: 425

    Google Scholar 

  30. Colonna M, Bresnahan M, Bahram S, Strominger JL (1992) Allelic variants of human putative peptide transporter involved in antigen processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3932

    Google Scholar 

  31. Connor TB Jr, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Danielpour D, Dart LL, Michels RG, De Bustros S, Enger C, Kato H, Lansing M, Hayashi H, Glaser BM (1989) Correlation of fibrosis and transforming growyh factorβ type-2 levels in the eye. J Clin Invest 83: 1661

    Google Scholar 

  32. Conrad B, Trucco M (1994) Superantigens as etiopathogenetic factors in the development of insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 10: 309

    Google Scholar 

  33. Conrad B, Weldmann E, Trucco G, Rudert WA, Behboo R, Rodriquez-Rilo H, Finegold D, Trucco M (1994) Evidence for a superantigen involvement in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus aetiology. Nature 371: 351

    Google Scholar 

  34. Craighead JE, McLane MF (1968) Diabetes mellitus: induction in mice by encephalomyocarditis virus. Science 162: 913

    Google Scholar 

  35. Dahlquist GG, Ivarsson S, Lindberg B, Forsgren M (1995) Maternal enteroviral infection during pregnancy as a risk factor for childood IDDM. Diabetes 44: 408

    Google Scholar 

  36. Dardenne M, Savino W (1994) Control of thymus physiology by peptidic hormones and neuropeptides. Immunol Today 15: 518

    Google Scholar 

  37. Davies JL, Kawaguchi Y, Bennett ST, Copeman JB, Cordell HJ, Pritchard LE, Reed PW, Gough SCL, Jenkins SC, Palmer SM, Melfour KM, Rowe BR, Farrall M, Barnett AH, Bain SC, Todd JA (1994) A genome-wide search for human type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes. Nature 371: 130

    Google Scholar 

  38. Davis CB, Killeen N, Casey ME, Raulet D, Littman DR (1993) Evidence for a stochastic mechanism in the differentiation of mature subsets of T lymphocytes. Cell 73: 237

    Google Scholar 

  39. Debray-Sachs M, Carnaud C, Boitard C, Cohen H, Gresser I, Bedossa P, Bach JF (1991) Prevention of diabetes in NOD mice treated with antibody to murine IFN-γ. J Autoimmun 4: 237

    Google Scholar 

  40. Deng GY, Muir A, Maclaren NK, She JX (1995) Association of LMP2 and LMP7 genes within the major histocompatibility complex with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:population and family studies. Am J Human Genet 56: 528

    Google Scholar 

  41. Dotta F, Colman PG, Lombardi D, Scharp DW, Andreani D, Pontieri GM, Di Mario U, Lenti L, Eisenbarth GS, Nayak RC (1989) Ganglioside expression in human pancreatic islet. Diabetes 38: 1478

    Google Scholar 

  42. Eisenbarth GS (1986) Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 314: 1360

    Google Scholar 

  43. Eisenbarth GS (1994) Mouse or man. Is GAD the cause of type I diabetes? Diabetes Care 17: 605

    Google Scholar 

  44. Espinoza LR, Jara LJ, Espinoza CG, Silveira LH, Martinez-Osura P, Seleznick M (1992) There is an association between human immunodeficiency virus infection and spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 18: 257

    Google Scholar 

  45. Festenstein H (1973) Immunogenic and biological aspects of in vitro allotransformation (MLR) in the mouse. Transplant Rev 15: 62

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fitzpatrick F, Lepault F, Homo-delarche F, Bach JF, Dardenne M (1991) Influence of castration, alone or combined with thymectomy, on development of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Endocrinology 129: 1382

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fowlkes BJ, Pardoll DM (1989) Molecular and cellular events of T cell development. Adv Immunol 44: 207

    Google Scholar 

  48. Fox HS (1992) Androgen treatment prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Exp Med 175: 1409

    Google Scholar 

  49. Foy CA, Quirke P, Williams DJ, Lewis FA, Grant PJ, Eglin R, Bodansky HJ (1994) A search for candidate viruses in type I diabetic pancreas using the polymerase chain reaction. Diabet Med 11: 564

    Google Scholar 

  50. Friman G, Fohlman J, Frisk G, Diderholm H, Ewald U, Kobbah M, Tuvemo T (1985) An incidence peak of juvenile diabetes. Relation to Coxackie B virus immune response. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 320: 14

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gaskins HR, Prochazka M, Hamaguchi K, Serreze DV, Leiter EH (1992) Beta cell expression of endogenous xenotropic retrovirus distinguishes diabetes-susceptible NOD/Lt from resistant NON/Lt mice. J Clin Invest 90: 2220

    Google Scholar 

  52. Genovese S, Bonifacio E, McNally JM, Dean BM, Wagner R, Bosi E, Gale EA, Bottazzo GF (1992) Distinct cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies with different risks for type 1(insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 35:385

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gianani R, Eisenbarth GS (1994) Prediction and prevention of type I diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 17: 533

    Google Scholar 

  54. Gianani R, Jackson R, Eisenbarth GS (1991) Evidence that the autoantigen of restricted ICA is GAD. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 14[Suppl 1]: S13

    Google Scholar 

  55. Gianani R, Pugliese A, Bonner-Weir S, Shiffrin AJ, Soeldner JS, Erlich H, Awdeh Z, Alper CA, Jackson RA, Eisenbarth GS (1992) Prognostically significant heterogeneity of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies in relatives of patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes 41: 347

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gillard BK, Thomas JW, Nell LJ, Marcus DM (1989) Antibodies against ganglioside GT3 in the sera of patients with type I diabetes mellitus. J Immunol Methods 142: 3826

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ginsberg-Fellner F, Witt ME, Yagihashi S, Dobersen MJ, Taub F, Fedun B, McEvoy RC (1984) Congenital rubella syndrome as a model for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: increased prevalence of islet cell surface antibodies. Diabetologia 27 [Suppl]: 87

    Google Scholar 

  58. Giorda R, Peakman M, Tan KC, Vergani D, Trucco M (1991) Glutamic acid decarbohylase expression in islet and brain. Lancet 338: 1469

    Google Scholar 

  59. Goldberg AL, Rock KL (1992) Proteolysis, proteasomes and antigen presentation. Nature 357: 375

    Google Scholar 

  60. Golovkina TV, Chervonsky A, Dudley JP, Ross SR (1992) Transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen expression prevents viral infection. Cell 69: 637

    Google Scholar 

  61. Goodacre JA, Brownlie CED, Ross DA (1994) Bacterial superantigens in autoimmune arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 33: 413

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ (1987) The shared epitope hypothesis: an approach to understanding the molecular genetics of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. Arthritis Rheum 30: 1205

    Google Scholar 

  63. Gutierrez-Lopez MD, Bertera S, Chantres MT, Vavassori C, Dorman JS, Trucco M, Serrano-Rios M (1992) Susceptibility to type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Spanish patients correlates quantitatively with expression of HLADQaArg52 andHLA DQβnon-Asp alleles. Diabetologia 35: 583

    Google Scholar 

  64. Haar S, Sommerlund M, Moller-Larsen A, Nielsen R, Jakob Hansen H (1991) Just another dubious virus in cells from a patient with multiple sclerosis? Lancet 337: 863

    Google Scholar 

  65. Harada M, Makino S (1984) Promotion of spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetes prone mice by cyclophosphamide. Diabetologia 27: 604

    Google Scholar 

  66. Haskins K, McDuffle M (1990) Acceleration of diabetes in young NOD mice with a CD4+ isletspecific T cell clone. Science 249: 1433

    Google Scholar 

  67. Haynes MK, Huber SA, Craighead JE (1987) Helper-inducer T lymphocytes mediate diabetes in EMC-infected BALB/c ByJ mice. Diabetes 36: 877

    Google Scholar 

  68. Heath WR, Allison J, Hoffman MW, Schonrich G, Hammerling G, Arnold B, Miller JFAP (1992) Autoimmune diabetes as a consequence of locally produced interleukin-2. Nature 359: 547

    Google Scholar 

  69. Held W, Shakhov AN, Waanders G, Scarpellino L, MacDonald HR, Acha-Orbea H (1993) Superantigen-reactive CD4+ T cells are required to stimulate B cells after infection with mouse mammary tumor virus. J Exp Med 177: 359

    Google Scholar 

  70. Held W, Waanders G, Shakhov AN, Scarpellino L, Acha-Orbea H, MacDonald HR (1993) Superantigen-induced immune stimulation amplifies mouse mammary tumor virus infection and allows virus transmission. Cell 74: 529

    Google Scholar 

  71. Held W, Acha-Orbea H, MacDonald HR, Waanders A (1994) Superantigens and retroviral infection: insights from mammary tumor virus. Immunol Today 15: 184

    Google Scholar 

  72. Herman A, Croteau G, Sekaly R, Kappler J, Marrack J (1990) HLA-DR alleles differ in their ability to present staphylocaccal enterotoxins to T cells. J Exp Med 172: 709

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hugin AW, Vacchio MS, Morse HC III (1991) A virus-encoded “superantigen” in a retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome of mice. Science 252: 424

    Google Scholar 

  74. Ichimaru M, Ideda S, Kinoshita K, Hino S, Tsuji (1991) Mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1. Cancer Detect Prev 15: 177

    Google Scholar 

  75. Jackson DG, Donald Capra J (1993) TAPI alleles in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a newly defined centromeric boundary of disease susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 11079

    Google Scholar 

  76. Jenson AB, Rosenberg HS, Notkins AL (1980) Pancreatic islet cell damage in children with fatal viral infection. Lancet II: 354

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kalden JR, Herrmann M (1993) Autoimmune disease in humans, e.g. autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Intervirology 35: 176

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kalter SS, Helmke RJ, Heberling RL, Panigel M, Fowler AK, Strickland JE, Hellman A (1973) Brief communication: C-type particles in normal human placentas. J Natl Cancer Inst 50: 1081

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kappler JW, Wade T, White J, Kushnir E, Blackman M, Bill J, Roehm N, Marrack P (1987) A T cell receptor Vβ segment that imparts reactivity to a class II major histocompatibility complex product. Cell 49: 263

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kappler JW, Staerz U, White J, Marrack PC (1988) Self-tolerance eliminates T cells specific for Mls modifies products of the major histocompatibility complex. Nature 332: 35

    Google Scholar 

  81. Karjalainen J, Martin JM, Knip M, Ilonen L, Robinson BH, Akerblom H, Dosch HM (1992) A bovine albumin peptide as a possible trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 327: 302

    Google Scholar 

  82. Karapetian O, Shakhov AN, Kraehenbuhl JP, Acha-Orbea H (1994) Retroviral infection of neonatal Peyer's patche lymphocytes: the mouse mammary tumor virus model. J Exp Med 180: 1511

    Google Scholar 

  83. Karounos DG, Wolinsky JS, Thomas JW (1993) Monoclonal antibody to rubella virus capsid protein recognizes aβ-cell antigen. J Immunol 150: 3080

    Google Scholar 

  84. Katz JD, Wang B, Haskins K, Benoist C, Mathis D (1993) Following a diabetogenic T cell from genesis through pathogenesis. Cell 74: 1089

    Google Scholar 

  85. Katz JD, Bernoist C, Mathis D (1995) T Helper cell subsets in insulin-dependent diabetes. Science 268: 1185

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kaufman DL, Erlander MG, Clare-Salzler M, Atkinson MA, Mclaren NK, Tobin AJ (1992) Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 89: 283

    Google Scholar 

  87. Keydar I, Chen L, Karby S, Weiss FR, Delarea J, Radu M, Chaitcik S, Brenner HJ (1979) Establishment and characterization of a cell line of human breast carcinoma origin. Eur J Cancer 15: 659

    Google Scholar 

  88. Khalil I, d'Auriol L, Gobet M, Morin L, Lepage V, Deschamps I, Park MS, Degos L, Galibert F, Hors J (1990) A combination of HLA-DQ beta Asp 57-negative and HLA-DQ alpha Arg 52 confers susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 85: 1315

    Google Scholar 

  89. Kim J, Namchuk M, Bugawan T, Fu Q, Jaffe M, Shi Y, Aanstoot H, Turck C, Erlich H, Lennon V, Baekkeskov S (1994) Higher autoantibody levels and recognition of a linear NH2-terminal epitope in the autoantigen GAD65 distinguish stiff-man syndrome from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Exp Med 180: 595

    Google Scholar 

  90. Koka P, Van de Mark K, Faller DV (1991) Transactivation of genes encoding activation-associated human T lymphocyte surface proteins by murine retroviral sequences. J Immunol 146: 2417

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kopelman RG, Zolla-Pazner S (1988) Association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and autoimmune phenomena. Am J Med 84: 82

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kotzin BL, Leung DY, Kappler J, Marrack P (1993) Superantigens and their potential role in human disease. Adv Immunol 54: 99

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kozak C, Peters G, Pauley R, Morris V, Michalides R, Dudley J, Green M, Davisson M, Prakash O, Vaidya A, Hilgers J, Verstraeten A, Hynes N, Diggelmann H, Peterson D, Cohen JC, Dickson C, Sarkar N, Nusse R, Varmus H, Callahan R (1987) A standardized nomenclature for endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses. J Virol 61: 1651

    Google Scholar 

  94. Krieg AM, Steinberg AD (1990) Retroviruses and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 3: 137

    Google Scholar 

  95. Krieg AM, Gourley MF, Perl A (1992) Endogenous retroviruses: potential etiologic agents in autoimmunity. FASEB J 6: 2537

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kuchroo VK, Das MP, Brown JA, Ranger AM, Zamvil SS, Nabavi N, Glimcher LH (1995) B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental patways: application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell 80: 707

    Google Scholar 

  97. Imberti L, Sottini A, Bettinardi A, Puoti M, Primi D (1992) Selective depletion in HIV infection of T cells that bear specific T cell receptor Vβ sequences. Science 254: 860

    Google Scholar 

  98. Lafon M, Lafage M, Martinez-Arends A, Ramirez R, Vuiller F, Charron D, Lotteau V, Scott-Algara (1992) Evidence in humans of a viral superantigen. Nature 358: 507

    Google Scholar 

  99. Lafon M, Scott-Algara D, Marche PN, Cazenave PA, Jouvin-Marche E (1994) Neonatal deletion and selective expansion of mouse T cells by exposure to rabies virus nucleocapsid superantigen. J Exp Med 180: 1207

    Google Scholar 

  100. Lampeter EF, Homberg M, Quabeck K, Schaefer UW, Wernet P, Bertrams J, Grosse-Wilde H, Gries FA, Kolb H (1993) Transfer of insulin-dependent diabetes between HLA-identical siblings by bone marrow transplantation. Lancet 341: 1243

    Google Scholar 

  101. Larger E, Becourt C, Bach JF, Boitard C (1995) Pancreatic isletβ- cells drive T cell-immune responses in the nonobese diabetic mouse model. J Exp Med 181: 1635

    Google Scholar 

  102. Lee K-U, Amano K, Yoon J-W (1988) Evidence for initial involvement of macrophages in development of insulitis in NOD mouse. Diabetes 37: 989

    Google Scholar 

  103. Lehman PV, Sercarz EE, Forsthuber T, Dayan CM, Gammon G (1993) Determinant spreading and the dynamics of the autoimmune T-cell repertoire. Immunol Today 14: 203

    Google Scholar 

  104. Leib-Mosch C, Brack-Werner R, Werner T, Bachman M, Faff O, Erfle V, Hehlmann R (1990) Endogenous retroviral elements in human DNA. Cancer Res 50: 5636s

  105. Liang P, Pardee AB (1992) Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Nature 257: 967

    Google Scholar 

  106. Liblau R, Singer SM, McDevitt H (1995) Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of organspecific autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 16: 34

    Google Scholar 

  107. Like AA, Rossini AA (1976) Streptozotocin-induced pancreatic insulitis: new model of diabetes mellitus. Science 193: 415

    Google Scholar 

  108. Lucassen AM, Julier C, Beressi JP, Boitard C, Froguel P, Lathrop M, Bell JI (1993) Susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus maps to a 4.1 kb segment of DNA spanning the insulin gene and associated VNTR. Nature Genet 4: 305

    Google Scholar 

  109. Luppi P, Rossiello MR, Faas S, Trucco M (1995) Genetic background and environment synergistically contribute to the onset of autoimmune diseases. J Mol Med 73:381

    Google Scholar 

  110. MacDonald HR, Lees RK, Schneider R, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1988) Positive selection of CD4+ thymocytes controlled by MHC class II gene products. Nature 336: 471

    Google Scholar 

  111. MacDonald HR, Glasebrook AL, Schneider R, et al (1989) T cell reactivity and tolerance to Mlsaencoded antigens. Immunol Rev 107: 89

    Google Scholar 

  112. Malaisse WJ (1982) Alloxan toxicity to the pancreaticβ-cell. A new hypothesis. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 3527

    Google Scholar 

  113. Mandrup-Paulsen T, Bendtzen K, Dinarello CA, Nerup J (1987) Human tumor necrosis factor potentiates human interleukin 1-mediated rat pancreaticβ-cell cytotoxicity. J Immunol 12: 4077

    Google Scholar 

  114. Marrack P, Kappler J (1990) The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science 248: 705

    Google Scholar 

  115. Marrack P, Kushnir E, Kappler J (1991) A maternally inherited superantigen encoded by a mammary tumor virus. Nature 349: 524

    Google Scholar 

  116. Maugh TH (1975) Diabetes: epidemiology suggests a viral connection. Science 188: 347

    Google Scholar 

  117. Medstrand P (1992) Expression of human endogenous retroviral sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy individuals. J Gen Virol 73: 2463

    Google Scholar 

  118. Medstrand P, Blomberg J (1993) Characterization of novel reverse transcriptase encoding human endogenous retroviral sequences similar to type A and type B retroviruses: differential transcription in normal human tissues. J Virol 67: 6778

    Google Scholar 

  119. Mensen MA, Forrest JM, Bransby RD (1978) Rubella infections and diabetes mellitus. Lancet I: 57

    Google Scholar 

  120. Miller BJ, Appel MC, O'Neil JJ, Wicker LS (1988) Both of the Lyt-2 and L3T4 T cell subsets are required for the transfer of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. J Immunol 140: 52

    Google Scholar 

  121. Monaco JJ, McDevitt HO (1982) Identification of a fourth class of proteins linked to the murine major histocompatibility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 3001

    Google Scholar 

  122. Morel PA, Dorman JS, Todd JA, McDevitt HO (1988) Aspartic acid at position 57 of the HLA-DQ beta chain protects against type I diabetes: a family study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8111

    Google Scholar 

  123. Nakagawa C, Hanafusa T, Miyagawa J, Yutsudo M, Nakajima H, Yamamoto K, Tomita K, Kono N, Hakura A, Tarui S (1992) Retrovirus gag protein p30 in the islets of non-obese diabetic mice: relevance for pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 35: 614

    Google Scholar 

  124. Nathan DM (1993) Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 328: 1678

    Google Scholar 

  125. Nerup J, Platz P, Anderson O, Christy M, Lyngsoe J, Poulsen J, Ryder L, Nielsen L, Thomsen M, Sveigaard A (1974) HLA antigens and diabetes mellitus: analysis of the HLA association. Lancet II: 846

    Google Scholar 

  126. Nisini R, Aiuti A, Matricardi PM, Fattorossi A, Ferlini C, Biselli R, Mezzaroma I, Pinter E, D'Amelio R (1994) Lack of evidence for a superantigen in lymphocytes from HIV-discordant monozygotic twins. AIDS 8: 443

    Google Scholar 

  127. Nossal GIV (1994) Negative selection of lymphocytes. Cell 76: 229

    Google Scholar 

  128. Notkins AL, Yoon JW (1984) Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. In: Notkins AL, Oldstone MB (eds) Concepts in viral pathogenesis. Springer, New York Berlin Heidelberg, pp 241–247

    Google Scholar 

  129. Nunez G, Merino R, Grillot D, Gonzalez-Garcia M (1994) Bcl-2 and Bcl-x: regulatory switches for lymphoid death and survival. Immunol Today 15: 582

    Google Scholar 

  130. Oldstone MBA (1987) Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease. Cell 50: 819

    Google Scholar 

  131. Ono M, Yasunaga T, Miyata T, Ushikubo H (1986) Nucleotide sequence of human endogenous retrovirus genome related to the mouse mammary tumor virus genome. J Virol 60:589

    Google Scholar 

  132. Ono M, Kawakami M, Ushikubo H (1987) Stimulation of expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome by female steroid hormones in human breast cancer cell line T47D. J Virol 61: 2059

    Google Scholar 

  133. Pak CY, Eun HM, McArthur RG, Yoon JW (1988) Association of cytomegalovirus infection with autoimmune type I diabetes. Lancet II: 1

    Google Scholar 

  134. Palmer JP, Cooney MK, Ward RH (1982) Reduced coxsackie antibody titers against viral antigens in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients during an outbreak of coxsackie B4 virus. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 94: 83

    Google Scholar 

  135. Palmer JP, Asplin CM, Clemons P, Lyen K, Tatpati O, Raghu PK, Paquette TL (1983) Insulin antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics before insulin treatment. Science 222: 1337

    Google Scholar 

  136. Pankewycz OG, Guan J-X, Benedict JF (1995) Cytokines as mediators of autoimmune diabetes and diabetic complications. Endocr Rev 16: 164

    Google Scholar 

  137. Patterson K, Chandra RS, Jenson AB (1981) Congenital rubella, insulitis, and diabetes mellitus in an infant. Lancet I: 1048

    Google Scholar 

  138. Perron H, Lalande B, Gratacap B, Laurent A, Genoulaz O, Geny C, Mallaret M, Schuller E, Stoebner P, Seigneurin JM (1991) Isolation of retrovirus from patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet 337: 862

    Google Scholar 

  139. Peters G, Brookes S, Smith R, Dickson C (1983) Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors. Cell 33: 369

    Google Scholar 

  140. Pietropaolo M, Eisenbarth GS (1994) Molecular targets of the autoimmunity of type I diabetes. In: Draznin B, LeRoith D (eds) Molecular biology of diabetes, Part 1. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 1–33

    Google Scholar 

  141. Pietropaolo M, Castano L, Babu S, Buelow R, Kuo Y-L s, Martin S, Martin A, Powers AC, Prochazka M, Naggert J, Leiter EH, Eisenbarth GS (1993) Islet cell autoantigen 69 kDa (ICA69). Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel Diabetes-associates autoantigen. J Clin Invest 92: 359

    Google Scholar 

  142. Posnett DN, Kabak S, Hodtsev AS, Goldberg EA, Asch A (1993) T-cell antigen receptor V beta subsets are not preferentially deleted in AIDS. AIDS 7: 625

    Google Scholar 

  143. Prince G, Jenson AB, Billups L, Notkins AL (1978) Infection of human pancreatic beta cell cultures with mumps virus. Nature 27: 158

    Google Scholar 

  144. Pugliese A, Bain SC, Todd JA, Awdeh ZL, Alper CA, Eisenbarth GS (1993) INS polymorphisms on chromosome 11 in type I diabetes. Autoimmunity 15[Suppl]: 32

    Google Scholar 

  145. Quartey-Papafio R, Lund T, Chandler P, Picard J, Ozegbe P, Day S, Hutchings PR, O'Reilly L, Kioussis D, Simpson E, Cooke A (1995) Aspartate at position 57 of nonobese diabetic I-Ag7β-chain diminishes the spontaneous incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Immunol 154: 5567

    Google Scholar 

  146. Rabin DU, Pleasic SM, Palmer-Crocker R, Shapiro JA (1992) Cloning and expression of IDDMspecific human autoantigens. Diabetes 41: 183

    Google Scholar 

  147. Renno T, Hahne M, MacDonald HR (1995) Proliferation is a prerequisite for bacterial superantigeninduced T cell apoptosis in vivo. J Exp Med 181: 2283

    Google Scholar 

  148. Rothnie HM, Chapdelaine Y, Hohn T (1994) Pararetroviruses and retroviruses: a comparative review of viral structure and gene expression strategies. Adv Virus Res 44: 1

    Google Scholar 

  149. Rotschke O, Falk K (1994) Origin, structure and motifs of naturally processed MHC class II ligands. Curr Opin Immunol 6: 45

    Google Scholar 

  150. Rotter JI, Vadheim CM, Rimoin DL (1990) Genetics of diabetes mellitus. In: Rifkin H, Porte D (eds) Diabetes mellitus. Theory and pratice, 4th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 378–413

    Google Scholar 

  151. Sachs JA, Cudworth AG, Jaraquemada D, Gorsuch AN, Festenstein H (1980) Type I diabetes and the HLA-D locus. Diabetologia 18: 41

    Google Scholar 

  152. Saji F, Ohashi K, Tokugawa Y, Kamiura S, Azuma C, Tanizawa O (1990) Perinatal infection of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, the etiologic virus of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer 66: 1933

    Google Scholar 

  153. Sarvetnic N, Shizuru J, Liggitt D, Martin L, McIntyre B (1990) Loss of pancreatic islet tolerance induced byβ-cell expression of interferon-γ. Nature 346: 844

    Google Scholar 

  154. Schlievert PM (1993) Role of superantigens in human disease. J Infect Dis 167: 997

    Google Scholar 

  155. Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR (1992) The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK 506. Immunol Today 13: 136

    Google Scholar 

  156. Schreuder G, Tilanus M, Bontrop R, Bruning J, Giphart M, Van Rood J, DeVries R (1986) HLA-DQ polymorphism associated with resistance to type 1 diabetes detected with monoclonal antibodies, isoelectric point differences, and restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Exp Med 164: 938

    Google Scholar 

  157. Seder RA, Paul WE (1994) Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 635

    Google Scholar 

  158. Seltzer V, Benjamin F (1990) Breast-feeding and the potential for human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Obstet Gynecol 75: 713

    Google Scholar 

  159. Shah SC, Malone JI, Simpson NE (1989) A randomized trial of intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 320: 550

    Google Scholar 

  160. Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN (1994) The emerging role of transforming growth factor-β in kidney disease. Am J Physiol 35: F829

    Google Scholar 

  161. Shattles WG, Brookes SM, Venables PJW, Clark DA, Maini RN (1992) Expression of antigen reactive with a monoclonal antibody to HTLV-1 P19 in salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 89: 46

    Google Scholar 

  162. Sibley RK, Sutherland DER, Goetz F, Michael AF (1985) Recurrent diabetes mellitus in the pancreas isoand allograft. Lab Invest 53: 132

    Google Scholar 

  163. Solimena M, Folli F, Denis-Donini S, Comi GC, Pozza G, DeCamilli P, Vicari AM (1988) Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 318: 1012

    Google Scholar 

  164. Spinella DG, Robertson JM (1994) Analysis of human T-cell receptoires by PCR. In: Mullis KB, Ferré F, Gibbs RA (eds) The polymerase chain reaction. Birkhauser, Boston, pp 110–120

    Google Scholar 

  165. Stoye J, Coffin J (1985) Endogenous viruses. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin J (eds) RNA Tumor viruses, vol 2, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 357–404

    Google Scholar 

  166. Stuart MP, Woodward JG (1992)Yersinia enterocolitica produces superantigenic activity. J Immunol 148: 225

    Google Scholar 

  167. Subramanyam M, McLellan B, Labrecque N, Sekaly RP, Hubert BT (1993) Presentation of the Mls-1 superantigen by human HLA class II molecules to murine T cells. J Immunol 151: 2538

    Google Scholar 

  168. Surwit RS, Schneider MS, Feinglos MN (1992) Stress and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 15: 1413

    Google Scholar 

  169. Takeuchi K, Katsumata K, Ikeda H, Minami M, Wakisaka A, Yohiki T (1995) Expression of endogenous retroviruses, ERV-3 and 4-1, in synovial tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 99: 338

    Google Scholar 

  170. Talal N, Flescher E, Dang H (1992) Are endogenous retroviruses involved in human autoimmune disease? J Autoimm 5[Suppl A]: 61

    Google Scholar 

  171. Teich N, Wyke J, Mak T, Bernstein A, Hardy W (1982) Pathogenesis of retrovirus-induced disease. In: Weiss T, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin J (eds) RNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 785–998

    Google Scholar 

  172. Theofilopoulous AN (1995) The basis of autoimmunity. Part I. Mechanisms of aberrant selfrecognition. Immunol Today 16: 90

    Google Scholar 

  173. Thompson G (1984) HLA-DR antigens and susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hum Genet 36: 1309

    Google Scholar 

  174. Tisch R, Yang X-D, Singer SM, Liblau RS, Fugger L, McDevitt HO (1993) Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Nature 366: 72

    Google Scholar 

  175. Todd JA, Bell JI, McDevitt HO (1987) HLA-DQβ gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 329: 599

    Google Scholar 

  176. Trowsdale J, Hanson I, Mockridge I, Beck S, Townsend A, Kelly A (1990) Sequences encoded in the class II region of the MHC related to the (ABC) superfamily of transporters. Nature 348: 741

    Google Scholar 

  177. Trucco M (1992) To be, or not to be Asp 57, that is the question. Diabetes Care 15: 705

    Google Scholar 

  178. Trucco M, La Porte R (1995) Exposure to superantigens as an immunogenetic explanation of type I diabetes mini-epidemics. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 8: 3

    Google Scholar 

  179. Tsubura A, Inaba M, Murakami A, Oyaizu N, Yasumizu R, Ohnishi Y, Tanaka H, Morii S, Ikehara S (1988) Intervention of T cells in transportation of mouse mammary tumor virus (milk factor) to mammary gland cells in vivo. Cancer Res 48: 6555

    Google Scholar 

  180. Tsumura H, Wang JZ, Ogawa S, Kawano M, Tsurudume M, Mastumura H, Kusagawa S, Yuasa T, Ito Y, Shimura K (1994) The character of endogenous retrovirus in pancreaticβ-cells of NOD mice. Lab Anim Sci 44: 47

    Google Scholar 

  181. Van Endert PM, Liblau RS, Patel SD, Fugger L, Lopez T, Pociot F, Nerup J, McDevitt HO (1994) Major histocompatibility complex-encoded antigen processing gene polymorphism in IDDM. Diabetes 43: 110

    Google Scholar 

  182. Waanders GA, Shakhov AN, Held W, Karapetian O, Acha-Orbea H, MacDonald HR (1993) Peripheral T cell activation and deletion induced by transfer of lymphocyte subsets expressing endogenous or exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus. J Exp Med 177: 1359

    Google Scholar 

  183. Wagenknecht LE, Roseman JM, Herman WH (1991) Increased incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following an epidemic of coxackievirus B5. Am J Epidemiol 133: 1024

    Google Scholar 

  184. Ward KP, Galloway WH, Auchterlonie IA (1979) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and diabetes. Lancet I: 497

    Google Scholar 

  185. White J, Herman A, Pullen AM, Kubo R, Kappler JW, Marrack P (1989) The Vβ-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice. Cell 56: 27

    Google Scholar 

  186. Wicker LS, Miller BJ, Mullen Y (1986) Transfer of autoimmune diabetes mellitus with splenocytes from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Diabetes 35: 855

    Google Scholar 

  187. Woodland DL, Blackman MA (1993) How do T-cell receptors, MHC molecules and superantigens get together? Immunol Today 14: 208

    Google Scholar 

  188. Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995) Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80: 695

    Google Scholar 

  189. Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995) Selective binding of self peptides to disease-associated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules: a mechanism for MHC-linked susceptibility to human autoimmune diseases. J Exp Med 181: 1597

    Google Scholar 

  190. Xiong Y, Eickbush TH (1990) Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO J 9: 3353

    Google Scholar 

  191. Yamamoto T, Nakamura T, Noble NA, Rouslahti E, Border WA (1993) Diabetic kidney disease is linked to elevated expression of transforming growth factorβ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 1814

    Google Scholar 

  192. Yoon JW (1991) Role of viruses in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Ann Med 23: 437

    Google Scholar 

  193. Yoon JW, Austin M, Onodera T, Notkins AL (1979) Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: isolation of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 300: 1173

    Google Scholar 

  194. Yoon JW, Onodera T, Notkins AL (1978) Virus-induced diabetes mellitus XI. Replication of coxackie virus B3 in human pancreatic beta cell cultures. Diabetes 27: 778

    Google Scholar 

  195. Ziegler RB, Johnson RO, Cooper DA, Gold J (1985) Postnatal transmission of aids-associated retrovirus from mother to infant. Lancet I: 896

    Google Scholar 

  196. Zinkernagel RM, Cooper S, Chambers J, Lazzarini RA, Hensgartner H, Arnheiter H (1990) Virusinduced autoantibody response to a transgenic viral antigen. Nature 345: 68

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue at DeSoto Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Patrizia Luppi & Massimo Trucco

Authors
  1. Patrizia Luppi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Massimo Trucco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Luppi, P., Trucco, M. Superantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Springer Semin Immunopathol 17, 333–362 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01795133

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01795133

Keywords

Search

Navigation