Skip to main content
Log in

The nifU, nifS and nifV gene products are required for activity of all three nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii

  • Short Communications
  • Published:
Molecular and General Genetics MGG Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Strains with mutations in 23 of the 30 genes and open reading frames in the major nif gene cluster of A. vinelandii were tested for ability to grow on N-free medium with molybdenum (Nif phenotype), with vanadium (Vnf phenotype), or with neither metal present (Anf phenotype). As reported previously, nifE, nifty, nifU, nifS and nifV mutants were Nif (failed to grow on molybdenum) while nifM mutants were Nif, Vnf and Anf. nifV, nifS, and nifU mutants were found to be unable to grow on medium with or without vanadium, i.e. were Vnf Anf. Therefore neither vnf nor anf analogoues of nifU, nifS, nifV or nifM are expected to be present in A. vinelandii.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Arber JM, Dobson BR, Eady RR (1987) Vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of the VFe protein of the vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum. Nature 325:372–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett LT, Cannon FC, Dean D (1988a) Nucleotide sequence and mutagenesis of the nifA gene from Azotobacter vinelandii. Mol Microbiol 2:315–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett LT, Jacobson MR, Dean DR (1988b) Isolation, sequencing, and mutagenesis of the nifF gene encoding flavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Biol Chem 263:1364–1369

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman J, Zilberstein A, Salomon D, Zamir A (1985) Expression of a nitrogen-fixation gene encoding a nitrogenase subunit in yeast. Gene 35:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop PE, Brill WJ (1977) Genetic analysis of Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strains unable to fix nitrogen. J Bacteriol 130:954–956

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop PE, Joerger RD (1990) Genetics and molecular biology of alternative nitrogen fixation systems. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41:109–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop PE, MacDougal SI, Wolfinger ED, Shermer CL (1990) Genetics of alternative nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii. In: Gresshoff PM, Roth LE, Stacey G (eds) Nitrogen fixation: Achievements and objectives. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 789–795

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JS, Wang SZ, Johnson JL (1990) Nitrogen fixation genes of Clostridium pasteurianum. In: Gresshoff PM, Roth LE, Stacey G (eds) Nitrogen fixation: Achievements and objectives. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 483–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisnell JR, Premakumar R, Bishop PE (1988) Purification of a second alternative nitrogenase from a nifHDK deletion strain of Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 170:27–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean D, Jacobson MR (1991) Biochemical genetics of nitrogenase. In: Stacey G, Evans HJ, Burris R (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eady RR (1991) The Dinitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. In: The Prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag, New York (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eady RR, Robson RL (1984) Characteristics of N2 fixation in Mo-limited batch and continuous cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii. Biochem J 224:853–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallik E, Chan Y-K, Robson RL (1991) Detection of alternative nitrogenases in aerobic gram-negative nitrogen-fixing bacteria. J Bacteriol 173:365–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover TR, Imperial J, Ludden PW, Shah VK (1988) Biosynthesis of iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. BioFactors 1:199–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover TR, Robertson AD, Cerny RL, Hayes RN, Imperial J, Shah VK (1987) Identification of the V factor needed for synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase as homocitrate. Nature 329:855–857

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard KS, McLean PA, Hansen FB, Lemley PV, Koblan KS, Orme-Johnson WH (1986) Klebsiella pneumoniae nifM gene product is required for stabilization and activation of nitrogenase iron protein in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 261:772–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson MR, Brigle KE, Bennett L, Setterquist RA, Wilson RA, Cash VL, Beynon J, Newton WE, Dean DR (1989) Physical and genetic map of the major nif gene cluster from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 171:1017–1027

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson MR, Cash VL, Weiss MC, Laird NF, Newton WE, Dean DD (1989b) Biochemical and genetic analysis of the nifUSVWZM cluster from Azotobacter vinelandii. Mol Gen Genet 219:49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Joerger RD, Bishop PE (1988) Nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the nifB-nifQ region from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 170:1475–1487

    Google Scholar 

  • Joerger RD, Jacobson MR, Bishop PE (1989a) Two nifA-like genes required for the expression of alternative nitrogenases in Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 171:3258–3267

    Google Scholar 

  • Joerger RD, Jacobson MR, Premakumar R, Wolfinger ED, Bishop PE (1989b) Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the structural genes (anfHDK) for the second alternative nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 171:1075–1086

    Google Scholar 

  • Joerger RD, Loveless TM, Pau RN, Mitchenall LA, Simon BH, Bishop PE (1990) Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the structural gen for nitrogenase 2 of Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 172:3400–3408

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy C, Bali A, Blanco G (1991) Regulation of expression of genes for three nitrogenases in Azotobacter vinelandii. In: Polsinelli M (ed) Nitrogen Fixation. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 13–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy C, Gamal R, Humphrey R, Ramos J, Brigle K, Dean D (1986) The nifH, nifM and nifH genes of Azotobacter vinelandii: Characterisation by Tn5 mutagenesis and isolation from pLAFR1 gene banks. Mol Gen Genet 205:318–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy C, Toukdarian A (1987) Genetics of azotobacters: Applications to nitrogen fixation and related aspects of metabolism. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:227–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton JW, Wilson PW, Burris RH (1953) Direct demonstration of ammonia as an intermediate in nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter. J Biol Chem 204:445–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Normand P, Bousquet J (1989) Phylogeny of nitrogenase sequences in Frankia and other nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. J Mol Evol 29:436–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagani S, Eldridge M, Eady RR (1987) Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Rhodanese-catalysed restoration of activity of the inactive 2Fe species of the Fe protein. Biochem J 244:485–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Pau RN, Mitchenall L, Robson RL (1989) Genetic evidence for an Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase lacking molybdenum and vanadium. J Bacteriol 171:124–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Pau RN, Mitchenall LA, Luque FJ (1990) Metal regulation of nitrogenase gene expression in Azotobacter vinelandii. In: Gresshoff PM, Roth LE, Stacey G (eds) Nitrogen fixation: Achievements and objectives. Chapman and Hall, New York, p 168

    Google Scholar 

  • Raina R, Reddy MA, Ghosal D, Das HK (1988) Characterization of the gene for the Fe-protein of the vanadium dependent alternative nitrogenase of Azotobacter vinelandii and construction of a Tn5 mutant. Mol Gen Genet 214:121–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Robson RL, Woodley PR, Jones R (1986) Second gene (nifH *) coding for a nitrogenase iron-protein in Azotobacter-chroococcum is adjacent to a gene coding for a ferrodoxin-like protein. EMBO J 5:1159–1163

    Google Scholar 

  • Robson RL, Woodley PR, Pau RN, Eady RR (1989) Structural genes for the vanadium nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum. EMBO J 8:1217–1224

    Google Scholar 

  • Santero E, Toukdarian A, Humphrey R, Kennedy C (1988) Identification and characterisation of two nitrogen fixation regulatory regions nifA and nfrX in Azotobacter vinelandii and Azotobacter chroococcum. Mol Microbiol 2:303–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider K, Muller A, Schramm U, Klipp W (1991) Demonstration of a molybdenum and vanadium independent nitrogenase in a nifHDK-deletion mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Eur J Biochem 195:653–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah VK, Imperial J, Ugalde RA, Ludden PW, Brill WJ (1986) In vitro synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:1636–1640

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith BE, Eady RR, Lowe DJ, Gorman C (1988) The VFe protein of V-nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum contains an ironvanadium cofactor. Biochem J 250:299–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Toukdarian A, Kennedy C (1986) Regulation of nitrogen metabolism in Azotobacter vinelandii: isolation of ntr and glnA genes and construction of ntr mutants. EMBO J 5:399–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugalde RA, Imperial J, Shah VK, Brill WJ (1985) Biosynthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor and the molybdenum cofactor in Klebsiella pneumoniae: Effect of the sulfur source. J Bacteriol 164:1081–1087

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley J, Kennedy C (1991) Temperature-dependent regulation by molybdenum and vanadium of expression of the structural genes encoding three nitrogenases in Azotobacter vinelandii, Appl Environ Microbiol 57:522–524

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Communicated by H. Hennecke

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kennedy, C., Dean, D. The nifU, nifS and nifV gene products are required for activity of all three nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii . Molec. Gen. Genet. 231, 494–498 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292722

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292722

Key words

Navigation