Abstract
A statistical analysis is presented of patterns of variation in some physical, chemical, and biological variables for a 6 year series of data from the tropical, high altitude Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia). ANOVA techniques and autocorrelation analyses were used to partition the variance in Titicaca, and in some comparison tropical and temperate series, into components with repeatable annual cycles and components attributable to other kinds of patterns.
In Titicaca, insolation and stratification are highly seasonal in pattern of variation, although the amount of variance relative to means is small compared to temperate lakes. However, the seasonal pattern of physical variation is only weakly imposed on chemical and biological processes, to judge from analyses of silicate, oxygen, and primary production series. Comparable temperate series of primary production and chlorophyll a are much more seasonal.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beadle, L. C., 1974. The inland waters of tropical Africa. Longman, London, 365 pp.
Bindloss, M. E., 1974. Primary productivity of phytoplankton in Loch Leven, Kinross. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh (B) 74: 157–181.
Boulangé, B. & E. Aquize Jr., 1981. Morphologie, hydrographie et climatologie du lac Titicaca et de son bassin versant. Rev. Hydrobiol. trop. 14: 269–287.
Brylinsky, M. & K. H. Mann, 1973. An analysis of factors governing productivity in lakes and reservoirs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18: 1–14.
Burgis, M. J. & A. F. Walker, 1972. A preliminary comparison of the zooplankton in a tropical and a temperate lake (Lake George, Uganda, and Loch Leven, Scotland). Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 18: 647–655.
Carmouze, J. P., C. Arce & J. Quintanilla, 1977. La regulation hydrique des lacs Titicaca et Poopo. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., ser. Hydrobiol. 11: 269–283.
Carmouze, J. P. & E. Aquize Jr. 1981. La regulation hydrique du lac Titicaca et l'hydrologie de ses tributaires. Rev. Hydrobiol. trop. 14: 311–328.
Carney, H. J., 1984. Productivity, population growth, and physiological responses to nutrient enrichments by phytoplankton of Lake Titicaca, Peru-Boliva. Ver. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 1253–1257.
Dozier, B. J. & P. J. Richerson, 1975. An improved membrane filter method for the enumeration of phytoplankton. Ver. int. Ver. Limnol. 19: 1524–1529.
Edmondson, W. T., 1972. The present condition of Lake Washington. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 18: 284–291.
Frenguelli, J., 1939. Diatomeas del Lago Titicaca. Notas del Museo de la Plata 4: 175–196.
Ganf, G. G., 1974. Phytoplankton biomass and distribution in a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake George, Uganda). Oecologia (Berl.) 16: 9–29.
Ganf, G. G. & A. B. Viner, 1973. Ecological stability in a shallow equatorial lake (Lake George, Uganda). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 184: 321–346.
Goldman, C. R., 1981. Lake Tahoe: Two decades of change in a nitrogen deficient oligotrophic lake. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 21: 45–70.
Kirkish, M. & M. J. Taylor, 1984. Micrometeorological measurements at Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia). Verh. int. Verh. Limnol. 22: 1232–1236.
Kittel, T. & P. J. Richerson, 1978. The heat budget of a large tropical lake, Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia). Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 20: 1203–1209.
Lazzaro, X., 1981. Biomasses, peuplement phytoplanctoniques et production primaire du lac Titicaca. Rev. Hydrobiol. trop. 14: 349–380.
Lemoalle, J., 1973. L'activité photosynthétique du phytoplancton en relation avec le niveau des eaux du lac Tchad (Afrique). Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 19: 1398–1403.
Lewis, W. M., Jr., 1973. The thermal regime of Lake Lanao (Philippines) and its theoretical implications for tropical lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18: 200–217.
Lewis, W. M., Jr., 1974. Primary production in the plankton community of a tropical lake. Ecol. Monogr. 44: 377–409.
Lewis, W. M., Jr., 1978. Analysis of succession in a tropical phytoplankton community and a new measure of succession rate. Am. Nat. 112: 401–414.
Lewis, W. M., Jr., 1983. Temperature, heat, and mixing in lake Valencia, Venezuela. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28: 273–286.
Lewis, W. M. Jr., 1984. A five-year record of temperature, mixing, and stability for a tropical lake (Lake Valencia, Venezuela). Arch. Hydrobiol. 99: 340–346.
Lewis, W. M. Jr., 1986. Phytoplankton succession in Lake Valencia, Venezuela. In: M. Munawar & J. F. Talling, (eds), Seasonality of freshwater phytoplankton: a global perspective. Developments in Hydrobiology 138, 189–203. Junk.
Lund, J. W. G., 1964. Periodicity and primary production of phytoplankton. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 15: 37–56.
Melack, J. M., 1979. Temporal variability of phytoplankton in tropical lakes. Oecologia (Berl.) 44: 1–7.
Melack, J. M. & P. Kilham, 1974. Photosynthetic rates of phytoplankton in East African alkaline, saline lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19: 743–755.
Mullin, M. M., P. R. Sloan & R. W. Eppley, 1966. Relationship between carbon content, cell volume and area in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11: 307–311.
Neale, P. J., 1984. Photoinhibition and the diurnal variation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in tropical, alpine Lake Titicac (Peru-Bolivia). Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis, 164 pp.
Platt, T. & K. L. Denman, 1975. Spectral analysis in ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6: 189–210.
Powell, T. M., M. H. Kirkish, P. J. Neale & P. J. Richerson, 1984. The diurnal cycle of stratification in Lake Titicaca: eddy diffusion. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 1237–1243.
Powell, T. M. & P. J. Richerson, 1985. Temporal variation, spatial heterogeneity and competition for resources in plankton systems: a theoretical model. Am. Nat. 125: 431–464.
Reynolds, C. S., 1984. Phytoplankton periodicity: the interactions of form, function and environmental variability. Freshwat. Biol. 14: 111–142.
Richerson, P. J., C. Widmer & T. Kittel, 1977. The limnology of Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia), a large, high altitude tropical lake. University of California, Davis, Institute of Ecology Publication No. 14, 78 pp.
Richerson, P. J., C. Widmer, T. Kittel & A. Landa C., 1975. A survey of the physical and chemical limnology of Lake Titicaca. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 19: 1498–1503.
Sellers, W. D., 1965. Physical climatology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 212 pp.
Strickland, J. D. H. & T. J. Parsons, 1968. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 167, 311 pp.
Talling, J. F., 1966. The annual cycle of stratification and phytoplankton growth in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 51: 545–621.
Talling, J. F., 1969. The incidence of vertical mixing and some biological and chemical consequences in tropical African lakes. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 17: 998–1012.
Taylor, M. & E. Aquize, 1984. A climatological energy budget of Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia). Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 1246–1251.
Theriot, E., H. J. Carney & P. J. Rioherson, 1985. Morphology, ecology, and systematics of Cyclotella andina sp. nov. (Bacillarophyceae) from Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia. Phycologia, in press.
Thomasson, K., 1956. Reflections on arctic and alpine lakes. Oikos 7: 117–143.
Tutin, T. G., 1940. The algae. Report No. XI. In H. C. Gilson (ed.), Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1 (Ser. 3): 191–202.
Uéno, M., 1967. Zooplankton of Lake Titicaca on the Bolivian side. Hydrobiologia 29: 547–568.
Vincent, W., W. Wurtsbaugh, C. L. Vincent & P. J. Richerson, 1984. Seasonal dynamics of nutrient limitation in a tropical high-altitude lake (Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia): application of physiological bioassays. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 540–552.
Vincent, W. F., C. L. Vincent, M. T. Downes & P. J. Richerson, 1985. Nitrate cycling in Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia): the effects of high altitude and tropicality. Freshwat. Biol. 15: 31–42.
Walter, H., 1979. Vegetation of the earth. Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 274 pp.
Widmer, C., T. Kittel & P. J. Richerson, 1975. A survey of the biological limnology of Lake Titicaca. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 19: 1504–1510.
Williams, N. J. & C. R. Goldman, 1975. Succession rates in lake phytoplankton communities. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 19: 808–811.
Wurtsbaugh, W. A., W. F. Vincent, R. Alfaro, C., C. L. Vincent & P. J. Richerson, 1985. Nutrient limitation of algal growth and nitrogen fixation in a tropical alpine lake, Lake Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia). Freshwat. Biol. 15: in press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richerson, P.J., Neale, P.J., Wurtsbaugh, W. et al. Patterns of temporal variation in Lake Titicaca. A high altitude tropical lake. I. Background, physical and chemical processes, and primary production. Hydrobiologia 138, 205–220 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027241
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027241