Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recovery in Soccer

Part I — Post-Match Fatigue and Time Course of Recovery

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In elite soccer, players are frequently required to play consecutive matches interspersed by 3 days and complete physical performance recovery may not be achieved. Incomplete recovery might result in underperformance and injury. During congested schedules, recovery strategies are therefore required to alleviate post-match fatigue, regain performance faster and reduce the risk of injury. This article is Part I of a subsequent companion review and deals with post-match fatigue mechanisms and recovery kinetics of physical performance (sprints, jumps, maximal strength and technical skills), cognitive, subjective and biochemical markers. The companion review will analyse recovery strategies used in contemporary professional soccer. Soccer involves many physically demanding activities including sprinting, changes in running speed, changes of direction, jumps and tackles, as well as technical actions such as dribbling, shooting and passing. These activities lead to a post-match fatigue that is linked to a combination of dehydration, glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. The magnitude of soccer match-induced fatigue, extrinsic factors (i.e. match result, quality of the opponent, match location, playing surface) and/or intrinsic factors (i.e. training status, age, gender, muscle fibre typology), potentially influence the time course of recovery. Recovery in soccer is a complex issue, reinforcing the need for future research to estimate the quantitative importance of fatigue mechanisms and identify influencing factors. Efficient and individualized recovery strategies may consequently be proposed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Andersson H, Raastad T, Nilsson J, et al. Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: effects of active recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 Feb; 40(2): 372–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ispirlidis I, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, et al. Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game. Clin J Sport Med 2008 Sep; 18(5): 423–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ascensão A, Rebelo A, Oliveira E, et al. Biochemical impact of a soccer match-analysis of oxidative stress and muscle damage markers throughout recovery. Clin Biochem 2008 Jul; 41(10–11): 841–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fatouros IG, Chatzinikolaou A, Douroudos II, et al. Time-course of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status responses following a soccer game. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Dec; 24(12): 3278–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Magalhães J, Rebelo A, Oliveira E, et al. Impact of Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test versus soccer match on physiological, biochemical and neuromuscular parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 Jan; 108(1): 39–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. A congested football calendar and the wellbeing of players: correlation between match exposure of European footballers before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performances during that World Cup. Br J Sports Med 2004 Aug; 38(4): 493–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dupont G, Nedelec M, McCall A, et al. Effect of 2 soccer matches in a week on physical performance and injury rate. Am J Sports Med 2010 Sep; 38(9): 1752–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2008 Jan; 88(1): 287–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Fatigue in soccer: a brief review. J Sports Sci 2005 Jun; 23(6): 593–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rampinini E, Bosio A, Ferraresi I, et al. Match-related fatigue in soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011 Nov; 43(11): 2161–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bangsbo J, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player. J Sports Sci 2006 Jul; 24(7): 665–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Robineau J, Jouaux T, Lacroix M, et al. Neuromuscular fatigue induced by a 90-minute soccer game modeling. J Strength Cond Res 2012 Feb; 26(2): 555–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ. Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle Nerve 1984 Nov–Dec; 7(9): 691–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mohr M, Mujika I, Santisteban J, et al. Examination of fatigue development in elite soccer in a hot environment: a multi-experimental approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010 Oct; 20 Suppl. 3: 125–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Edwards AM, Noakes TD. Dehydration: cause of fatigue or sign of pacing in elite soccer? Sports Med 2009; 39(1): 1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cheuvront SN, Carter 3rd R, Haymes EM, et al. No effect of moderate hypohydration or hyperthermia on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006 Jun; 38(6): 1093–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hoffman JR, Stavsky H, Falk B. The effect of water restriction on anaerobic power and vertical jumping height in basketball players. Int J Sports Med 1995 May; 16(4): 214–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bandelow S, Maughan R, Shirreffs S, et al. The effects of exercise, heat, cooling and rehydration strategies on cognitive function in football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010 Oct; 20 Suppl. 3: 148–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cian C, Barraud PA, Melin B, et al. Effects of fluid ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exercise-induced dehydration. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001 Nov; 42(3): 243–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Armstrong LE, Costill DL, Fink WJ. Influence of diuretic-induced dehydration on competitive running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985 Aug; 17(4): 456–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cheuvront SN, Carter 3rd R, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003 Aug; 2(4): 202–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Edwards AM, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, et al. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med 2007 Jun; 41(6): 385–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Shirreffs SM, Taylor AJ, Leiper JB, et al. Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and drink sodium content. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 Oct; 28(10): 1260–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Keller U, Szinnai G, Bilz S, et al. Effects of changes in hydration on protein, glucose and lipid metabolism in man: impact on health. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003 Dec; 57 Suppl. 2: S69–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Waller AP, Heigenhauser GJ, Geor RJ, et al. Fluid and electrolyte supplementation after prolonged moderate-intensity exercise enhances muscle glycogen resynthesis in standardbred horses. J Appl Physiol 2009 Jan; 106(1): 91–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J Sports Sci 2003 Jul; 21(7): 519–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Atkinson G, et al. Analysis of high intensity activity in premier league soccer. Int J Sports Med 2009 Mar; 30(3): 205–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jacobs I, Westlin N, Karlsson J, et al. Muscle glycogen and diet in elite soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982; 48(3): 297–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, et al. Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006 Jun; 38(6): 1165–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Krustrup P, Ortenblad N, Nielsen J, et al. Maximal voluntary contraction force, SR function and glycogen resynthesis during the first 72 h after a high-level competitive soccer game. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011 Dec; 111(12): 2987–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Osgnach C, Poser S, Bernardini R, et al. Energy cost and metabolic power in elite soccer: a new match analysis approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 Jan; 42(1): 170–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rahnama N, Reilly T, Lees A. Injury risk associated with playing actions during competitive soccer. Br J Sports Med 2002 Oct; 36(5): 354–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. De Baranda PS, Ortega E, Palao JM. Analysis of goalkeepers’ defence in the world cup in Korea and Japan in 2002. Eur J Sport Sci 2008; 8(3): 127–34.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Byrne C, Twist C, Eston R. Neuromuscular function after exercise-induced muscle damage: theoretical and applied implications. Sports Med 2004; 34(1): 49–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Howatson G, Milak A. Exercise-induced muscle damage following a bout of sport specific repeated sprints. J Strength Cond Res 2009 Nov; 23(8): 2419–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, et al. Time course of changes in performance and inflammatory responses after acute plyometric exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2010 May; 24(5): 1389–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Nicholas CW, Nuttall FE, Williams C. The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test: a field test that simulates the activity pattern of soccer. J Sports Sci 2000 Feb; 18(2): 97–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Thompson D, Nicholas CW, Williams C. Muscular soreness following prolonged intermittent high-intensity shuttle running. J Sports Sci 1999 May; 17(5): 387–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Delextrat A, Baker J, Cohen DD, et al. Effect of a simulated soccer match on the functional hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio in amateur female players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Epub 2011 Nov 23.

  40. Small K, McNaughton L, Greig M, et al. The effects of multidirectional soccer-specific fatigue on markers of hamstring injury risk. J Sci Med Sport 2010 Jan; 13(1): 120–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Young WB, Hepner J, Robbins DW. Movement demands in Australian rules football as indicators of muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 2012 Feb; 26(2): 492–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992 May; 24(5): 512–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Raastad T, Owe SG, Paulsen G, et al. Changes in calpain activity, muscle structure, and function after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 Jan; 42(1): 86–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Howatson G, van Someren KA. The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med 2008; 38(6): 483–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Asp S, Daugaard JR, Kristiansen S, et al. Exercise metabolism in human skeletal muscle exposed to prior eccentric exercise. J Physiol 1998 May 15; 509 (Pt 1): 305–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jentjens R, Jeukendrup A. Determinants of post-exercise glycogen synthesis during short-term recovery. Sports Med 2003; 33(2): 117–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Williams AM. Perceptual skill in soccer: implications for talent identification and development. J Sports Sci 2000 Sep; 18(9): 737–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Boksem MA, Meijman TF, Lorist MM. Effects of mental fatigue on attention: an ERP study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2005 Sep; 25(1): 107–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lorist MM, Boksem MA, Ridderinkhof KR. Impaired cognitive control and reduced cingulate activity during mental fatigue. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2005 Jul; 24(2): 199–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sanders AF. Elements of human performance. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Greig M, Marchant D, Lovell R, et al. A continuous mental task decreases the physiological response to soccer-specific intermittent exercise. Br J Sports Med 2007 Dec; 41(12): 908–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol 2009 Mar; 106(3): 857–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lemmink KA, Visscher C. Effect of intermittent exercise on multiple-choice reaction times of soccer players. Percept Mot Skills 2005 Feb; 100(1): 85–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. McMorris T, Graydon J. The effect of exercise on cognitive performance in soccer-specific tests. J Sports Sci 1997 Oct; 15(5): 459–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bishop D. The effects of travel on team performance in the Australian national netball competition. J Sci Med Sport 2004 Mar; 7(1): 118–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Richmond LK, Dawson B, Stewart G, et al. The effect of interstate travel on the sleep patterns and performance of elite Australian rules footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2007 Aug; 10(4): 252–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Reilly T, Drust B, Clarke N. Muscle fatigue during football match-play. Sports Med 2008; 38(5): 357–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nederhof E, Lemmink KA, Visscher C, et al. Psychomotor speed: possibly a new marker for overtraining syndrome. Sports Med 2006; 36(10): 817–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ingram J, Dawson B, Goodman C, et al. Effect of water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team sport exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2009 May; 12(3): 417–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bishop D, Spencer M, Duffield R, et al. The validity of a repeated sprint ability test. J Sci Med Sport 2001 Mar; 4(1): 19–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Krustrup P, Zebis M, Jensen JM, et al. Game-induced fatigue patterns in elite female soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Feb; 24(2): 437–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Nybo L, et al. Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches: beneficial effect of re-warm-up at half-time. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2004 Jun; 14(3): 156–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bailey DM, Erith SJ, Griffin PJ, et al. Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running. J Sports Sci 2007 Sep; 25(11): 1163–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Thorlund JB, Aagaard P, Madsen K. Rapid muscle force capacity changes after soccer match play. Int J Sports Med 2009 Apr; 30(4): 273–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Oliver J, Armstrong N, Williams C. Changes in jump performance and muscle activity following soccer-specific exercise. J Sports Sci 2008 Jan 15; 26(2): 141–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Delextrat A, Gregory J, Cohen D. The use of the functional H:Q ratio to assess fatigue in soccer. Int J Sports Med 2010 Mar; 31(3): 192–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Greig M. The influence of soccer-specific fatigue on peak isokinetic torque production of the knee flexors and extensors. Am J Sports Med 2008 Jul; 36(7): 1403–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rahnama N, Reilly T, Lees A, et al. Muscle fatigue induced by exercise simulating the work rate of competitive soccer. J Sports Sci 2003 Nov; 21(11): 933–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lovell R, Knapper B, Small K. Physiological responses to SAFT90: a new soccer-specific match simulation. Poster presented at the Verona-Ghirada Team Sports Conference; 2008 Jun 7–8; Treviso.

  70. Bishop PA, Jones E, Woods AK. Recovery from training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 2008 May; 22(3): 1015–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rampinini E, Coutts AJ, Castagna C, et al. Variation in top level soccer match performance. Int J Sports Med 2007 Dec; 28(12): 1018–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lago-Peñas C, Rey E, Lago-Ballesteros J, et al. The influence of a congested calendar on physical performance in elite soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2011 Aug; 25(8): 2111–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pinnington HC, Dawson B. The energy cost of running on grass compared to soft dry beach sand. J Sci Med Sport 2001 Dec; 4(4): 416–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gains GL, Swedenhjelm AN, Mayhew JL, et al. Comparison of speed and agility performance of college football players on field turf and natural grass. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Oct; 24(10): 2613–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Fell J, Williams D. The effect of aging on skeletal-muscle recovery from exercise: possible implications for aging athletes. J Aging Phys Act 2008 Jan; 16(1): 97–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Magal M, Dumke CL, Urbiztondo ZG, et al. Relationship between serum creatine kinase activity following exercise-induced muscle damage and muscle fibre composition. J Sports Sci 2010 Feb; 28(3): 257–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lovell R, Midgley A, Barrett S, et al. Effects of different half-time strategies on second half soccer-specific speed, power and dynamic strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Epub 2011 Aug 3.

  78. Bangsbo J, Nørregaard L, Thorsø F. Activity profile of competition soccer. Can J Sport Sci 1991 Jun; 16(2): 110–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Spencer M, Bishop D, Dawson B, et al. Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities: specific to field-based team sports. Sports Med 2005; 35(12): 1025–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, et al. Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players. Int J Sports Med 2007 Mar; 28(3): 228–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gabbett TJ. The development of a test of repeated-sprint ability for elite women’s soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2010 May; 24(5): 1191–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Castagna C, et al. Validity of a repeated-sprint test for football. Int J Sports Med 2008 Nov; 29(11): 899–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wragg CB, Maxwell NS, Doust JH. Evaluation of the reliability and validity of a soccer-specific field test of repeated sprint ability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000 Sep; 83(1): 77–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Wilkinson M, McCord A, Winter EM. Validity of a squash-specific test of multiple-sprint ability. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Dec; 24(12): 3381–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Psotta R, Blahus P, Cochrane DJ, et al. The assessment of an intermittent high intensity running test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005 Sep; 45(3): 248–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Da Silva JF, Guglielmo LG, Carminatti LJ, et al. Validity and reliability of a new field test (Carminatti’s test) for soccer players compared with laboratory-based measures. J Sports Sci 2011 Dec; 29(15): 1621–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Atkinson G, Nevill AM, Edwards B. What is an acceptable amount of measurement error? The application of meaningful “analytical goals” to the reliability of sports science measurements made on a ratio scale. In: Communications to the Annual Conference of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES); J Sports Sci 1999; 17(1): 18.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Fitzsimons M, Dawson B, Ward D, et al. Cycling and running tests of repeated sprint ability. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1993; 25(4): 82–7.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Glaister M, Howatson G, Lockey RA, et al. Familiarization and reliability of multiple sprint running performance indices. J Strength Cond Res 2007 Aug; 21(3): 857–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Sporis G, Jukic I, Milanovic L, et al. Reliability and factorial validity of agility tests for soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Mar; 24(3): 679–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Arnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A, et al. Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Feb; 36(2): 278–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wisløff U, Castagna C, Helgerud J, et al. Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. Br J Sports Med 2004 Jun; 38(3): 285–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Moir G, Button C, Glaister M, et al. Influence of familiarization on the reliability of vertical jump and acceleration sprinting performance in physically active men. J Strength Cond Res 2004 May; 18(2): 276–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Dias JA, Dal Pupo J, Reis DC, et al. Validity of two methods for estimation of vertical jump height. J Strength Cond Res 2011 Jul; 25(7): 2034–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Brodt V, Wagner DR, Heath EM. Countermovement vertical jump with drop step is higher than without in collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res 2008 Jul; 22(4): 1382–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Burkett LN, Phillips WT, Ziuraitis J. The best warm-up for the vertical jump in college-age athletic men. J Strength Cond Res 2005 Aug; 19(3): 673–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Holt BW, Lambourne K. The impact of different warm-up protocols on vertical jump performance in male collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2008 Jan; 22(1): 226–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Vetter RE. Effects of six warm-up protocols on sprint and jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 2007 Aug; 21(3): 819–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Jakeman JR, Byrne C, Eston RG. Lower limb compression garment improves recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 Aug; 109(6): 1137–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Jakeman JR, Byrne C, Eston RG. Efficacy of lower limb compression and combined treatment of manual massage and lower limb compression on symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage in women. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Nov; 24(11): 3157–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Nicol C, Avela J, Komi PV. The stretch-shortening cycle: a model to study naturally occurring neuromuscular fatigue. Sports Med 2006; 36(11): 977–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Paavolainen L, Häkkinen K, Hämäläinen I, et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J Appl Physiol 1999 May; 86(5): 1527–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Hambli M, et al. The five-jump test for distance as a field test to assess lower limb explosive power in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2008 May; 22(3): 944–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Coutts AJ, Slattery KM, Wallace LK. Practical tests for monitoring performance, fatigue and recovery in triathletes. J Sci Med Sport 2007 Dec; 10(6): 372–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Bosco C, Luhtanen P, Komi PV. A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1983; 50(2): 273–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hamilton RT, Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, et al. Triple-hop distance as a valid predictor of lower limb strength and power. J Athl Train 2008 Apr-Jun; 43(2): 144–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Bolgla LA, Keskula DR. Reliability of lower extremity functional performance tests. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997 Sep; 26(3): 138–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Warren GL, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB. Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury. Sports Med 1999 Jan; 27(1): 43–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Woods C, Hawkins RD, Maltby S, et al. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: analysis of hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med 2004 Feb; 38(1): 36–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hawkins RD, Hulse MA, Wilkinson C, et al. The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. Br J Sports Med 2001 Feb; 35(1): 43–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Baltzopoulos V, Gleeson NP. Skeletal muscle function. In: Eston RG, Reilly T, editors. Tests, procedures and data (Vol. 2: Exercise physiology). London: Routledge, 2001: 7–35.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Hopkins WG, Schabort EJ, Hawley JA. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Med 2001; 31(3): 211–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, et al. A new concept for isokinetic hamstring: quadriceps muscle strength ratio. Am J Sports Med 1998 Mar–Apr; 26(2): 231–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L, et al. Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship. Sports Med 2004; 34(7): 443–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Sporis G, Vucetic V, Jovanovic M, et al. Reliability and factorial validity of flexibility tests for team sports. J Strength Cond Res 2011 Apr; 25(4): 1168–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Cone JR, Berry NT, Goldfarb A, et al. Effects of an individualized soccer match simulation on vertical stiffness and impedance. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26(8) 2027–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, et al. Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports Med 2005; 35(6): 501–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. da Silva JF, Guglielmo LG, Bishop D. Relationship between different measures of aerobic fitness and repeated-sprint ability in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2010 Aug; 24(8): 2115–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Aziz AR, Mukherjee S, Chia MY, et al. Relationship between measured maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic endurance performance with running repeated sprint ability in young elite soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2007 Dec; 47(4): 401–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Dupont G, Millet GP, Guinhouya C, et al. Relationship between oxygen uptake kinetics and performance in repeated running sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005 Sep; 95(1): 27–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Hughes M, Franks I. Analysis of passing sequences, shots and goals in soccer. J Sports Sci 2005 May; 23(5): 509–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Russell M, Kingsley M. Influence of exercise on skill proficiency in soccer. Sports Med 2011 Jul 1; 41(7): 523–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ali A, Williams C, Hulse M, et al. Reliability and validity of two tests of soccer skill. J Sports Sci 2007 Nov; 25(13): 1461–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Russell M, Benton D, Kingsley M. Reliability and construct validity of soccer skills tests that measure passing, shooting, and dribbling. J Sports Sci 2010 Nov; 28(13): 1399–408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Kellis E, Katis A, Vrabas IS. Effects of an intermittent exercise fatigue protocol on biomechanics of soccer kick performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006 Oct; 16(5): 334–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Russell M, Benton D, Kingsley M. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation on skill performance during a soccer match simulation. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 15(4): 348–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Stone KJ, Oliver JL. The effect of 45 minutes of soccer-specific exercise on the performance of soccer skills. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009 Jun; 4(2): 163–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, Lakomy HK, et al. The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. J Sports Sci 1999 Nov; 17(11): 895–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Rampinini E, Impellizzeri FM, Castagna C, et al. Effect of match-related fatigue on short-passing ability in young soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 May; 40(5): 934–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Ali A, Williams C, Nicholas CW, et al. The influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion on soccer skill performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 Nov; 39(11): 1969–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Ali A, Gardiner R, Foskett A, et al. Fluid balance, thermoregulation and sprint and passing skill performance in female soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 Jun; 21(3): 437–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Maffiuletti NA, et al. Effects of aerobic training on the exercise-induced decline in short-passing ability in junior soccer players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008 Dec; 33(6): 1192–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Lyons M, Al-Nakeeb Y, Nevill A. Performance of soccer passing skills under moderate and high-intensity localized muscle fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2006 Feb; 20(1): 197–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, et al. An assessment of training volume in professional rugby union and its impact on the incidence, severity, and nature of match and training injuries. J Sports Sci 2008 Jun; 26(8): 863–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med 2003; 33(2): 145–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT. Monitoring overtraining in athletes: recommendations. Sports Med 1995 Nov; 20(5): 321–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Kenttä G, Hassmén P. Overtraining and recovery: a conceptual model. Sports Med 1998 Jul; 26(1): 1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Andersson H, Karlsen A, Blomhoff R, et al. Active recovery training does not affect the antioxidant response to soccer matches in elite female players. Br J Nutr 2010 Nov; 104(10): 1492–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Takarada Y. Evaluation of muscle damage after a rugby match with special reference to tackle plays. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37(5): 416–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Diagnosis of overtraining: what tools do we have? Sports Med 2002; 32(2): 95–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Mougios V. Reference intervals for serum creatine kinase in athletes. Br J Sports Med 2007 Oct; 41(10): 674–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Pedersen BK. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: exercise and cytokines. Immunol Cell Biol 2000 Oct; 78(5): 532–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Tidball JG. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005 Feb; 288(2): R345–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Pedersen BK, Toft AD. Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines. Br J Sports Med 2000 Aug; 34(4): 246–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Fischer CP. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?. Exerc Immunol Rev 2006; 12: 6–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Andersson H, Bøhn SK, Raastad T, et al. Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010 Oct; 20(5): 740–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Singh TK, Guelfi KJ, Landers G, et al. A comparison of muscle damage, soreness and performance following a simulated contact and non-contact team sport activity circuit. J Sci Med Sport 2011 Sep; 14(5): 441–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Moreira A, Arsati F, de Oliveira Lima Arsati YB, et al. Salivary cortisol in top-level professional soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009 May; 106(1): 25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Ekblom B. Assessment of fitness and player profiles. In Dvorak J, Kirkendall DT, editors. International football and sports medicine: caring for the soccer athlete worldwide. Proceedings of the International Football and Sports Medicine Conference; 22–24 March 2002; Beverly Hills (CA). Rosemont (IL): AOSSM, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Maso F, Lac G, Filaire E, et al. Salivary testosterone and cortisol in rugby players: correlation with psychological overtraining items. Br J Sports Med 2004 Jun; 38(3): 260–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004 May; 142(2): 231–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France

    Mathieu Nédélec, Alan McCall, Franck Legall, Serge Berthoin &  Gregory Dupont

  2. LOSC Lille Métropole Football Club, Camphin-en-Pévèle, France

    Mathieu Nédélec, Alan McCall, Chris Carling, Franck Legall &  Gregory Dupont

  3. Université d’Artois, UFR STAPS, Chemin du marquage, 62800, Liéven, France

    Gregory Dupont

Authors
  1. Mathieu Nédélec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alan McCall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chris Carling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Franck Legall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Serge Berthoin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gregory Dupont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory Dupont.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nédélec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C. et al. Recovery in Soccer. Sports Med 42, 997–1015 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262308

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262308

Keywords

Search

Navigation