Abstract
The electrochemical and toxicological characteristics of manganese dioxide (MnO2) have been described. Details of the construction and testing of surface MnO2 electrode are presented. The reported data and the results of tests confirm that a MnO2 electrode sufficiently stable and free from polarization effects can be constructed.
Sommaire
On a décrit les caractéristiques électrochimiques et toxicologiques du dioxyde de manganèse (MnO2). On donne les détails de la construction et l'essayage d'une électrode de surface MnO2. Les données expérimentales signalées et les résultats des épreuves confirment qu'on peut construire une électrode MnO2 suffisamment stable et exempte des effets de la polarisation.
Zusammenfassung
Die elektrochemischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften von Mangandioxid (MnO2) wurden beschrieben. Einzelheiten des Baues und der Prüfung einer Oberflächen-MnO2-Elektrode werden vorgelegt. Die berichteten Daten und die Ergebnisse von Prüfungen bestätigen, daß eine MnO2-Elektrode gebaut werden kann, die genügend beständig und frei von Polarisationswirkungen ist.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balewski, L. andBrenet, J. P. (1967) A new method for the study of the electrochemical reactivity of manganese dioxide.Electrochem. Technol. 5, 527–531.
Benson, P., Price, W. B. andTye, F. L. (1967) Potential-pH relationship of gamma manganese dioxide.Electrochem. Technol. 5, 517–523.
Bienvenu, P., Nofre, C. andCier, A. (1963) Toxicité générale comparée des ions métalliques. Relation avec la classification périodique.C. R. hébd. seanc Acad. Sci., Paris 256, 1043–1044.
Borg, D. C. andCotzias, G. C. (1958) Manganese metabolism in man. Rapid exchange of56Mn with tissue as demonstrated by blood clearance and liver uptake.J. clin. Invest. 37, 1269–1278.
Chreitzberg, A. M. Jr., Allenson, D. R. andVosburgh, W. C. (1955) Formation of manganese (II) ion in the discharge of the manganese dioxide electrode.J. electrochem. Soc. 102, 557–561.
Chreitzberg, A. M. Jr andVosburch, W. C. (1957) The overpotential of the manganese dioxide electrode.J. electrochem. Soc. 104, 1–5.
Cotzias, G. C. (1962) Manganese. InMineral metabolism. Eds:C. L. Comar andF. Bronner, Vol. 0, Part B, pp. 403–442. Academic Press, New York.
Covington, A. K., Talukdar, P. K. andThirsk, H. R. (1957) Standard electrode potentials of some synthetic manganese dioxides.Electrochem. Technol. 5, 523–527.
Era, A., Takehara, Z. andYoshizawa, S. (1967) Discharge mechanism of the manganese dioxide electrode.Electrochim. Acta 12, 1199–1212.
Ferrell, D. T. Jr andVosburgh, W. C. (1951) A proposed mechanism for the discharge of the managanese dioxide electrode.J. electrochem. Soc. 98, 334–341.
Gabano, J. P., Morignat, B. andLaurent, J. F. (1967) Chemical and electrochemical reduction of γ-manganese dioxide.Electrochem. Technol. 5, 531–534.
Janz, G. J. andIves, D. J. (1968) Silver, silver chloride electrodes.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 148, 210–221.
Jennings, C. W. andVosburgh, W. C. (1952) A proposed mechanism for selfdischarge of the Leclanché cell.J. electrochem. Soc. 99, 309–316.
Johnson, R. S. andVosburgh, W. C. (1952) The reproducibility of the manganese dioxide electrode and the change of electrode potential with pH.J. electrochem. Soc. 99, 317–322.
Kang, H. Y. andLiang, C. C. (1968) The anodic oxidation of manganese oxides in alkaline electrolytes.J. electrochem. Soc. 115, 6–10.
Kozawa, A., Kalnoki-Kiss andYeager, J. F. (1966) Solubilities of Mn(II) and Mn(III) ions in concentrated alkaline solutions.J. electrochem. Soc. 113, 405–409.
Massie, H., Racine, P., Pasker, R., Hahn, A. W. andSun, H. H. (1968) Study of power generating implantable electrodes.Med. biol. Engng 6, 503–516.
Nencini, R. andPasquali, E. (1968) Manganese dioxide electrodes for stimulation and recording.Med. biol. Engng 6, 193–197.
Nichols, J. G. W. (1932) Electrolytic manganese dioxide.Trans. electrochem. Soc. 62, 393–403.
Nofre, C., Clement, J. M. andCier, A. (1963) Toxicité comparée de quelques ions métalliques et de leur chélate a l'acide éthylènediaminetétracétique.Path. Biol. (Paris) 11, 853–865.
Oettingen, W. T. von (1935) Manganese; its distribution, pharmacology and health hazards.Physiol. Rev. 15, 175–207.
Rodier, J. (1955) Manganese poisoning in Moroccan miners.Br. J. Ind. Med. 12, 21–35.
Sabatini-Smith, S. andHolland, W. C. (1969) Influence of manganese and oubain on the rate of action of calcium on atrial contractions.Am. J. Physiol. 216, 244–248.
Sabbatani, L. (1931) Ricerche farmacologiche sul manganese.Archs Sci. Biol. 16, 141–159.
Schwan, H. P. (1968) Electrode polarization impedance and measurements in biological materials.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 148, 191–209.
Sollmann, T. (1957) Ina Manual of Pharmacology and its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology, pp. 1278–1280. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Spector, W. S. (1956) InHandbook of Toxicology, Vol. I. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Sullivan, M. (1940) Manganese hydroxide in treatment of acne vulgaris, pustular acne, furuncolosis, sycosis vulgaris and psoriasis.J. Am. med. Ass. 114, 246–248.
Vetter, K. J. andJaeger, N. (1966) Potentialausbildung and der Mangandioxidelectrode als oxidelectrode mit nichstöchiometrischem oxid.Electrochim. Acta 11, 401–419.
Vosburgh, W. C. (1959) The manganese dioxide electrode.J. electrochem. Soc. 106, 839–845.
Vosburgh, W. C., Johnson, R. S., Reiser, J. S. andAllenson, D. R. (1955) A further study of electrodeposited manganese dioxide electrodes.J. electrochem. Soc. 102, 151–155.
Vosburgh, W. C., Pribble, M. J., Kozawa, A. andAhmad Sam (1958) Formation of manganese (II) ion in the discharge of the managanese dioxide electrode-II. Effect of volume and pH of electrolyte.J. electrochem. Soc. 105, 1–4.
Weinman, J. andMahler, J. (1964) An analysis of electrical properties of metal electrodes.Med. biol. Engng 2, 299–310.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nencini, R., Pasquali, E. Manganese dioxide depolarizer for biomedical electrodes. Med. & biol. Engng. 8, 137–143 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02509322
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02509322