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Importation, releases, and establishment ofNeochetina spp. (Col.: Curculionidae) for the biological control of water hyacinth,Ecchhornia crassipes (Lil.: Pontederiaceae), in Benin, West Africa

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Abstract

Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) was first reported in Bénin in 1977 and about 10 years later became the major floating water weed in the south east, obstructing boat traffic and fisheries. Water hyacinth multiplies in permanently fresh water in the swampy upper reaches of the Sô River and in tributaries of the Ouémé River. From there it is moved by wind and water flow to the coastal lagoons. The coastal lagoons are brackish during the dry season and water hyacinth eventually dies. In 1991,Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Col.: Curculionidae) of South American origin was imported from Australia via quarantine in Britain to Bénin. A small infestation of the fungusBeauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes) was eliminated from the colony before release by sterilizing eggs and rearing a fungus-free generation. Between late 1991 and mid 1993, about 23,900N. eichhorniae were released at 11 localities along the Ouémé River and in the head waters of the Sô River. Regular monitoring revealed feeding scars by adults on leaves and tunnelling by larvae in petioles at all release sites. By October 1993,N. eichhorniae had spread up to 20 km from some release sites.Neochetina bruchi Hustache was imported in 1992. A total of about 5,700 weevils has been released in six localities since mid 1992. Recoveries of offspring were made in all but one locality. Despite the negative impact of water flow, wind, penetration of salt water, and removal of infested water hyacinth by fishermen,N. eichhorniae andN. bruchi are established in Bénin in a situation typical for coastal West Africa.

Résumé

La présence de la jacinthe d'eau,Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) a été notée pour la première fois au Benin en 1977; dix ans plus tard, elle était devenue la principale mauvaise herbe aquatique flottante dans le sud est, faisant obstacle à la fois au passage des bateaux et à la pêche. Cette plante se multiplie dans les eaux constamment douces des zones marécageuses supérieures de la rivière Sô et dans les affluents de la rivière Ouémé. De ces zones, elle est transportée par le vent et les courants vers les lagunes côtières. Ces lagunes sont remplies d'eau saumâtre durant la saison sèche et les jacinthes finissent par y mourir. En 1991,Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Col.: Curculionidae) originaire d'Amérique du Sud, fut importé d'Australie au Bénin après une période de quarantaine en Grande-Bretagne. Une petite infestation du champignonBeauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes) fut éliminée de la colonie avant le lâcher, par stérilisation des oeufs et élevage d'une génération indemne de champignon. Entre la fin de 1991 et le milieu de 1993, environ 23,900N. eichhorniae étaient lâchés dans 11 localités situées le long de la rivière Ouémé et en amont de la rivière Sô. Une surveillance régulière révélait des morsures faites par les adultes en se nourrissant sur les feuilles et des mines creusées par les larves dans les pétioles sur tous les sites de lâchers. En octobre 1993,N. eichhorniae s'était dispersé jusqu'à 20 km de certains points de lâcher.Neochetina bruchi Hustache fut importé en 1992. Au total près de 5,700 charançons ont été lâchés sur 6 sites depuis le milieu de 1992. On a retrouvé des descendants dans tous les sites sauf un. En dépit de l'effet négatif du courant aquatique, du vent, de la pénétration de l'eau salée, et de la destruction des jacinthes infestées par les pêcheurs,N. eichhorniae etN. bruchi se sont acclimatés au Bénin dans un biotope typique de la côte de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.

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Van Thielen, R., Ajuonu, O., Schade, V. et al. Importation, releases, and establishment ofNeochetina spp. (Col.: Curculionidae) for the biological control of water hyacinth,Ecchhornia crassipes (Lil.: Pontederiaceae), in Benin, West Africa. Entomophaga 39, 179–188 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372356

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