Abstract
The prevention of cholelithiasis by dietary manipulation was investigated in hamsters receiving a fat-free lithogenic (L) diet or this diet in which sucrose was replaced by 12 (group AS12), 36 (group AS36), 48 (group AS48), or 72.5% (group AS72.5) of autoclaved amylomaize starch for seven weeks. All hamsters (6/6) had cholesterol gallstones in groups L and AS12, while only 3/6 hamsters in group AS36 had gallstones. None were present in groups AS48 and AS72.5. Excent in group AS12, biliary cholesterol level and lithogenic index, (LI) decreased significantly in hamsters receiving amylomaize starch. Plasma cholesterol concentration was reduced by 31 and 54%, respectively, in groups AS48 and AS72.5 as compared to group L. The concentration of esterified cholesterol in the liver was also reduced significantly in all groups receiving amylomaize starch. Hepatic cholesterogenesis was decreased by 74 and 65%, respectively, in groups AS48 and AS72.5 as compared to group L. The transformation of cholesterol to bile acids was increased in group AS72.5 (+152%) as compared to L, while fecal cholesterol excretion was strongly lowered (−31%). Amylomaize starch reduced the microbial transformation of cholesterol to coprosterol and epicoprosterol, and in group AS72.5 it decreased the degradation of cholic acid. Thus, this autoclaved amylomaize starch, which could be used in human nutrition, prevents cholelithiasis and lowers cholesterolemia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brennman DE, Connor WE, Foker EL, Denbesten L: The formation of abnormal bile and cholesterol gallstones from dietary cholesterol in the prairie dog. J Clin Invest 51:1495–1505, 1972
Dam H: Nutritional aspects of gallstone formation with particular reference to alimentary production of gallstones in laboratory animals. World Rev Nutr Diet 11:199–239, 1969
Bennion LJ, Grundy SM: Effects of obesity and caloric intake on biliary lipid metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 56:996–1011, 1975
Kritchevsky D, Klurfeld DM: Gallstone formation in hamsters. Effects of varying animal and vegetable protein levels. Am J Clin Nutr 37:802–804, 1983
Würsch P: Starch in human nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet 60:199–256, 1989
Thornton JR, Emmett PM, Heaton KW: Diet and gallstones: Effect of refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets on bile cholesterol saturation and bile acid metabolism. Gut 24:2–6, 1983
Barbara L, Sama S, Morselli-Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticalli AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E: A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: The Sirmione study. Hepatology 7:913–917, 1987
Tanimura H: Experimental studies on the etiology of cholelithasis. Arch Jpn Chir 34:1160–1170, 1965
Hashimoto K: Experimental studies on gallstones in hamster. Arch Jpn Chir 35:981–995, 1966
Hayes KC, Livingston A, Trautwein EA: Dietary impact on biliary lipids and gallstones. Annu Rev Nutr 12:299–326, 1992
Sacquet E, Leprince C, Riottot M: Effects of amylomaize starch on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in germ-free (axenic) and conventional (holoxenic) rats. Reprod Nutr Dev 23:783–792, 1983
Riottot M, Sacquet E: Increase in the ileal absorption rate of sodium taurocholate in germ-free or conventional rats given an amylomaize starch diet. Br J Nutr 53:307–310, 1985
Mathe D, Riottot M, Rostaqui N, Sacquet E, Navarro N, Lècuyer B, Lutton C: Effect of amylomaize starch on plasma lipoproteins of lean and obese Zucker rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 14:17–24, 1993
Mercier C, Feuillet P: Modifications of carbohydrate components by extrusion-cooking of cereal products. Cereal Chem 52:283–297, 1975
Sandstedt RM, Strahan D, Ueda S, Abbot RC: The digestibility of high-amylose corn starches compared to that of other starches. The apparent effect of the ae gene on susceptibility on amylase action. Cereal Chem 37:55–66, 1962
Thorne MJ, Thompson LU, Jenkins DJA: Factors affecting starch digestibility and the glycemic response with special reference to legumes. Am J Clin Nutr 38:481–488, 1983
Stephen AM, Haddad AC, Philipps SF: Passage of carbohydrate into the colon. Direct measurement in humans. Gastroenterology 85:589–595, 1983
Khallou J, Riottot M, Parquet M, Verneau C, Lutton C: Biodynamics of cholesterol and bile acids in the lithiasic hamsters. Br J Nutr 66:479–492, 1991
Sérougne C, Férézou J, Rukaj A: A new relationship between cholesterolemia and cholesterol synthesis determined in rats fed an excess of cystine. Biochim Biophys Acta 921:522–530 1987
Lowry OH, Rosebrough HJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem, 193:265–275, 1951
Roda A, Feste D, Sama L, Mazella G, Aldini R, Roda E, Barbara L: Enzymatic determination of cholesterol in bile. Clin Chim Acta 64:337–341, 1975
Gurantz D, Laker MF, Hofmann AF: Enzymatic measurements of choline-containing phospholipids in bile. J Lipid Res 22:373–376, 1981
Turley SD, Dietschy JM: Re-evaluation of the 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay for total bile acids in bile. J Lipid Res 19:924–929, 1978
Thomas PJ, Hofmann AF: A simple calculation of the lithogenic index of bile: Expressing biliary lipid composition on rectangular coordinates. Gastroenterology 65:698–700, 1973
Einarsson K, Angelin B, Ewerth S, Nilsell K, Bjorkhem I: Bile acid synthesis in man: Assay of hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 27:82–88, 1986
Rodwell UW, Nordrom JM, Mitschelen JJ: Regulation of HMGCoA reductase. Adv Lipid Res 14:1–74, 1976
Bradford MM: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of proteins utilising the principles of protein-dye binding. Ann Biochem 72:248–254, 1972
Lutton C, Chevallier F: Vitesses des processus de renouvellement du cholestérol contenu dans son espace de transfert, chez let rat. III—Modifications et étude critique de la méthode d'équilibre isotopique. Biochim Biophys Acta 255:762–779, 1972
Chevallier F, Lutton C: Cinétiques journalière et horaire de la transformation du cholestérol-26-14C en acides biliaires. Bull Soc Chim Biol 48:295–311, 1966
Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Miettinen TA: Quantitative isolation and gas liquid chromatography analysis of total fecal bile acids. J Lipids Res 6:397–410, 1965
Riottot M: Metabolism of bile acids in rat. Influence of the digestive microflora and dietary carbohydrates. Thèse doctorat d'Etat, Orsay, France, 1987 (in French)
Mallett AK, Bearne CA, Young PJ, Rowland IR: Influence of starches of low digestibility on the rat caecal microflora. Br J Nutr 60:597–604, 1988
Andrieux C, Gadelle D, Leprince C, Sacquet E: Effects of some poorly digestible carbohydrates on bile acid bacterial transformation in the rat. Br J Nutr 62:103–119, 1989
Nicolau G, Shefer S, Salen G, Mosbach EH: Determination of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in man. J Lipid Res 15:94–98, 1974
Salen G, Nicolau G, Shefer S, Mosbach EH: Hepatic cholesterol metabolism in patients with gallstones. Gastroenterology 69:676–684, 1985
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This investigation was supported by a C.R.E. grant awarded by INSERM and Caisse Régionale d'Assurance Maladie de l'Ile de France.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khallou, J., Riottot, M., Parquet, M. et al. Antilithiasic and hypocholesterolemic effects of diets containing autoclaved amylomaize starch in hamster. Digest Dis Sci 40, 2540–2547 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02220439
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02220439