Abstract
The interrelationship between somatostatin and its synthetic analog, sandostatin, with neuropeptides and inflammatory mediators, as well as their protection of gastric mucosal damage, were tested in rats. Rats were treated intragastrically with 1.0 ml of 96% ethanol with or without intravenous or intraperitoneal coadministration of somatostatin (1.0 µM/kg). Mucosal damage was also induced by the administration of either indomethacin (30 mg/kg subcutaneously) with or without intravenous sandostatin (10 µg/rat), given 30 min prior to damage induction. Somatostatin levels in ethanol-damaged gastric mucosa were significantly lower than in control rats. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels were significantly higher in the damaged mucosa in rats treated with ethanol, as was the mucosal generation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes. The coadministration of somatostatin with ethanol significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol alone. The protection of the mucosa was accompanied by reduction of mucosal substance P and VIP levels, as well as the generation of leukotrienes, an effect that was reversed by intraperitoneal or intravenous coadministration of somatostatin antagonist, cyclo-(7-aminoheptanoyl-PH-E-d-Trp-Lys-THR), 1.0 µM/100 g, with somatostatin (1.0 µM/kg) and ethanol. When given by itself somatostatin significantly reduced mucosal leukotriene generation compared with their generation in saline-treated rats. Sandostatin completely abolished gastric mucosal damage induced by indomethacin administration. In rats treated with somatostatin and indomethacin, this effect was accompanied by reduction of mucosal leukotriene generation. Administration of sandostatin to pylorus-ligated rats significantly reduced gastric acid output. It is suggested that somatostatin may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute ethanol- and NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury and that part of its protective effect involves interrelationships with the neuropeptides, substance P and VIP, as well as inhibition of mucosal leukotriene production.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lucey MR, Yamada T: Biochemistry and physiology of gastrointestinal somatostatin. Dig Dis Sci 34:5S-13S, 1989
Makhlouf GM, Schubert ML: Gastric somatostatin: A paracrine regulator of acid secretion. Metabolism 39(suppl 2):138–142, 1990
Makhlouf GM: Antral somatostatin: A paracrine regulator of gastrin secretion.In S Reichlin (ed). Somatostatin. New York, Plenum Press, 1987, pp 239–281
Fujita T, Kobuyashi S: The cells and hormones of the GEP endocrine system. The current of studies.In T Fujita (ed). Gastroentero-Pancreatic Endocrine System. A Cell-Biological Approach. Tokyo, Igaku Shoin, 1973, pp 1–16
Johanssen C, Aly A: Stimulation of gastric mucus output by somatostatin in man. Eur J Clin Invest 12:37–39, 1982
Grosman I, Simon D: Potential gastrointestinal uses of somatostatin and its synthetic analogue octreotide. Am J Gastroenterol 85:1061–1072, 1990
Piotrowski W, Foreman JC: On the actions of substance P, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on rat peritoneal mast cells and in human skin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 331:364–368, 1985
Church MK, Lowman MA, Robinson C, Holgate ST, Benyon CR: Interactions of neuropeptides with human mast cells. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 88:70–78, 1989
Kassessinoff TA, Pearce FL: Histamine secretion from mast cells stimulated with somatostatin. Agents Actions 23:211–213, 1988
Goetzl EJ, Payan DG: Inhibition by sandostatin of the release of mediators from human basophils and rat leukemic basophils. J Immunol 133:3255, 1984
Shanahan F, Denburg JA, Fox J: Mast cell heterogeneity: Effects of neuroenteric peptides on histamine release. J Immunol 135:1331–1332, 1985
Diel F, Borck H, Hosenfeld S: Effects of somatostatin on ethanol-induced gastric erosions in the rat: Role of mast cells. Agents Actions 18:273–275, 1986
Diel F, Szabo S: Dose dependent effects of linear and cyclic somatostatin on ethanol-induced gastric erosions: The role of mast cells and increased vascular permeability in the rat. Regul Pept 13:235–243, 1986
Ligumsky M, Wengrower D, Karmeli F, Rachmilewitz D: Somatostatin release by human gastric mucosa. Studies in peptic ulcer disease and pernicious anemia. Scand J Gastroenterol 23:687–690, 1988
Harty RF, Maico DG, McGuigan JE: Antral release of gastrin and somatostatin in duodenal ulcer and control subjects. Gut 27:652–658, 1986
Torres AJ, Fernandez-Durango R, Svarez A, Ariznavarreta C, Hernandez F, Cuberes R, Ortega L, Balibrea JL: Gastric mucosal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in peptic ulcer. Surg Obstet Gynecol 164:313–318, 1987
Domschke S, Bloom SR, Adrian TE, Lux G, Bryand MG, Domschke W: Gastroduodenal mucosal hormone content in duodenal ulcer disease. Hepato-Gastroenterol 32:198–201, 1985
Schwedes U, Usadel K, Szabo S: Somatostatin prevents cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer. Eur J Pharmacol 44:195–196, 1977
Laszlo F, Pavo I, Penke B, Balint GA: Protective effect of an orally administered, highly potent somatostatin analog (RC-121) against absolute ethanol-induced hemorrhagic erosions of the rat gastric mucosa. Life Sci 44:1573–1578, 1989
Oates PJ, Hakkinen JP: Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced gastric damage in the rat. Gastroenterology 94:10–21, 1988
Cutz E, Chan W, Track NS: Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in mast cells by histamine liberators. Nature 275:661–662, 1978
Karmeli F, Eliakim R, Okon E, Rachmilewitz D: Gastric and mucosal damage by ethanol is mediated by substance P and prevented by ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer. Gastroenterology 10:1206–1216, 1991
Karmeli F, Eliakim R, Okon E, Rachmilewitz D: Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the pathogenesis of ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage in rats and its prevention by ketotifen. Gastroenterology 10:A94, 1991
Wallace JL, Beck PL, Morris GP: Is there a role for leukotrienes as mediators of ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage? Am J Physiol 254:G117-G123, 1988
Pihan G, Rogers C, Szabo S: Vascular injury in acute gastric mucosal damage. Mediatory role of leukotrienes. Dig Dis Sci 33:625–632, 1988
Wallace JL: Lipid mediators of inflammation in gastric ulcer. Am J Physiol 258:G1-G11, 1990
Boughton-Smith NK, Whittle BJR: Failure of the inhibition of rat gastric mucosal 5-lipoxygenase by novel acetohydroxamic acids to prevent ethanol-induced damage. Br J Pharmacol 95:155–162, 1988
Peskar BM: Role of leukotrienes in gastric mucosal damage and protection.In Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes in Gastrointestinal Disease. W Domschke, HG Dammann (eds). Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1988, pp 81–87
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karmeli, F., Eliakim, R., Okon, E. et al. Somatostatin effectively prevents ethanol-and NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Digest Dis Sci 39, 617–625 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02088351
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02088351