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Modeling subsurface flow in sedimentary basins

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Zusammenfassung

Grundwasserbewegungen in sedimentären Becken, die von dem topographischen Relief, konvektionsbedingtem Auftrieb, Sedimentkompaktion, isostatischen Ausgleichsbewegungen in Folge von Erosion und von Kombinationen dieser Kräfte gesteuert werden, können mit Hilfe quantitativ modellierender Techniken beschrieben werden. In diesen Modellen kann man die Auswirkungen des Transports von Wärme und gelösten Stoffen, Petroleum-Migration und die chemische Interaktion zwischen Wasser und dem grundwasserleitenden Gestein berücksichtigen.

Die Genauigkeit der Modell-Voraussagen ist allerdings begrenzt wegen der Schwierigkeit, hydrologische Eigenschaften von Sedimenten in einem regionalen Rahmen vorauszusagen, dem Schätzen vergangener Bedingungen und dem Problem der Abschätzung von Wechselwirkungen physikalischer und chemischer Prozesse in geologischen Zeiträumen. Fortschritte für das Modellieren von Becken werden mit der Integration hydrologischer Forschungsanstrengungen in benachbarte Fachebiete wie Sedimentologie, Gesteinsmechanik und Geochemie zunehmen.

Abstract

Groundwater flows that arise in sedimentary basins from the effects of topographic relief, buoyant convection, sediment compaction, erosional unloading, and combinations of these driving forces can be described using quantitative modeling techniques. Models can be constructed to consider the effects of heat and solute transport, petroleum migration, and the chemical interaction of water and rocks. The accuracy of model predictions, however, is limited by the difficulty of predicting hydrologic properties of sediments on regional dimensions, estimating past conditions such as topographic relief, and knowledge of how physical and chemical processes interact over gelogic time scales. Progress in basin modeling will accelerate as hydrologic research efforts are better integrated with those of other specialities such as sedimentology, rock mechanics, and geochemistry.

Résumé

Il est possible, par l'utilisation de techniques quantitatives de modélisation, de décrire les mouvements des eaux souterraines qui se manifestem dans les bassins sédimentaires, et qui résultent du relief topographique, de la convection, de la compaction des sédiments, de la décharge due à l'érosion et de la combinaison de ces divers facteurs. Dans ces modèles, on peut prendre en considération les effets des transferts de chaleur et de matières dissoutes lors de la migration du pétrole et ceux de l'interaction chimique de l'eau avec les roches. Toutefois la précision des prévisions que l'on peut en déduire est limitée par la difficulté d'estimer à l'echelle régionale les propriétés hydrologiques des sédiments, de reconstituer les conditions anciennes, et de connaître de quelle manière les processus physiques et chimiques interfèrent à l'échelle des temps géologiques. La modélisation des bassins progressera dans la mesure où la recherche hydrogéologique ser mieux intégrée à celles d'autres disciplines telles que la sédimentologie, la mécanique des roches et la géochimie.

Краткое содержание

С помощью модели реко нструировали миграц ию грунтовых вод в осадо чных бассейнах, прини мая во внимание топографию рельефа, возможности конвекции, плотность седиментн ых отложений, изостат ические движения в результат е эрозии, а также комби нацию всех этих факторов. Пр и разработке таких мо делей следует учитывать вл ияние высокой темпер атуры, переноса растворенн ых веществ, миграцию н ефти и химическое взаимод ействие между грунто выми водами и окружающими их породами. Само собой разумеетс я, точность прогнозов по таким моделям ограни чена из-за трудностей предсказания региональных гидрол огических свойств се диментов и из-за только приблиз ительной оценки, как предшевствующих вза имоотношений, так и взаимодействия физических и химичес ких процессов в течен ие геологического врем ени. Моделирование ба ссейнов обещает значительны й успех только при ком плексных исследованиях по гид рологии, седиментоло гии, механике пород и геох имии.

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Abbreviations

A o :

Rate of oil generation within a sediment (kg/m3 s)

A r :

Rate of reaction of a groundwater per unit volume (moles/m3 s)

C :

Solute concentration in a groundwater (moles/m3 of water)

C eq :

Concentration of a solute at chemical equilibrium (moles/m3 of water)

C f :

Heat capacity of a groundwater Q/kg °C)

C r :

Heat capacity of the sediment grains Q/kg °C)

D lm :

Coefficient of dispersion along dimensionm resulting from flow alongl (m2/s)

D:

Dispersion tensor (m2/s)

g :

Acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

H :

Thickness of an aquifer (m)

k rxn :

Rate constant for a chemical reaction (s−1)

k l :

Intrinsic permeability of a sediment alongl (m2)

k ro :

Relative permeability of a sediment to oil

P :

Pressure on a groundwater (Pa)

P c :

Capillary pressure on an oil phase (Pa)

P o :

Pressure on an oil phase (Pa)

q l :

Specific discharge in an arbitrary directionl (m3 of water/m2 s)

q lo :

Specific discharge of an oil phase alongl (m3 of water/m2 s)

q:

Specific discharge vector (q x ,q y ,q z ) (m3 of water/m2 s)

R a :

Rayleigh number for a thermally stratified groundwater of constant composition

S o :

Oil saturation of a sediment, as a fraction of the pore volume

t :

Time (s)

T :

Temperature (°C)

v zm :

Velocity at which a sediment subsides relative to absolute elevation (m/s)

x, y :

Lateral distance (m)

z :

Depth relative to absolute elevation, such as sea level (m)

α :

Coefficient of thermal expansion for a groundwater (°C−1)

β :

Compressibility of a groundwater (Pa−1)

▽ :

Gradient operator (∂/∂x, ∂/∂y, ∂/∂z)

▽ :

Divergence operator (∂/∂x, ∂/∂y, ∂/∂z)

▽ 2 :

Laplacian operator (∂ 2/∂x 2,∂ 2/y 2,∂ 2/∂z 2)

χ :

Thermal conductivity of a fluid saturated sediment (J/m s °C)

μ :

Dynamic viscosity of a groundwater (kg/m s)

μ o :

Dynamic viscosity of an oil phase (kg/m s)

ϱ :

Groundwater density (kg/m3)

ϱ o :

Density of an oil phase (kg/m3)

ϱ r :

Density of the sediment grains (kg/m3)

φ:

Sediment porosity

Φ:

Hydraulic potential of a groundwater (Pa)

Φbdy :

Hydraulic potential along the water table (Pa)

Φc :

Hydraulic potential arising from sediment compaction (Pa)

Φt :

Hydraulic potential arising from topographic relief (Pa)

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  1. Craig M. Bethke

    Present address: Department of Geology, University of Illinois, 1301 West Green Street, 61801, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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    Bethke, C.M. Modeling subsurface flow in sedimentary basins. Geol Rundsch 78, 129–154 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01988357

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