Summary
(1) When salts are added to buffered suspensions of membrane fragments containing the fluorochrome 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), there is an increased fluorescence. This is caused by increased binding of the fluorochrome; the intrinsic fluorescence characteristics of the bound dye remain unaltered. These properties make ANS a sensitive and versatile indicator of ion association equilibria with membranes. (2) Alkali metal and alkylammonium cations bind to membranes in a unique manner. Cs+ binds most strongly to rat brain microsomal material, with the other alkali metals in the order Cs+>Rb+>K+>Na+>Li+. The reaction is endothermic and entropy driven. Monovalent cations are displaced by other monovalent cations. Divalent cations and some drugs (e. g., cocaine) displace monovalent cations more strongly. (3) Divalent cations bind to membranes (and to lecithin micelles) at four distinct sites, having apparent association constants between 50 and 0.2mm −1. The characteristics of the titration suggest that only one species of binding site is present at any one time, and open the possibility that structural transitions of the unassociated coordination sites may be induced by divalent cation binding. Divalent cation binding at the weakest site (like monovalent cation binding) is endothermic and entropy driven. At the next stronger site, the reaction is exothermic. Monovalent cations affect divalent cation binding by reducing the activity coefficient: they do not appear to displace divalent cations from their binding sites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aubert, X., Chance, B., Keynes, R. D. 1962. Optical studies of biochemical events in the electric organ.Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) B 160:211.
Azzi, A., Chance, B., Radda, G. K., Lee, C.-P. 1969. A fluorescence probe of energy-dependent structure changes in fragmented membranes.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 62:612.
Brand, L., Gohlke, J. R., Rao, D. S. 1967. Evidence for binding of rose Bengal and anilinonaphthalene sulphonates at the active site regions of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.Biochemistry 6:3150.
Chance, B., Azzi, A., Mela, L., Radda, G. K., Vainio, H. 1969. Local anaesthetic-induced changes of a membrane-bound fluorochrome. A link between ion uptake and membrane structure.Fed. Europ. Biochem. Socs. Letters 3:10.
—, Cohen, P., Jobsis, F., Schoener, B. 1962. Intracellular oxidation-reduction in vivo.Science 137:499.
Davies, C. W. 1962.Ion Association. Chapter 3. Butterworths, London.
Deranleau, D. A. 1969. Theory of the measurement of weak molecular complexes.J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91:4044.
Dodd, G. H., Radda, G. K. 1969. 1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate, a fluorescent conformational probe for glutamate dehydrogenase.Biochem. J.,114:407.
Dodge, J. T., Mitchell, C., Hanahan, D. J. 1963. The preparation and chemical characteristics of hemoglobin-free ghosts of human erythrocytes.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 100:119.
Eisenman, G. 1962a. Cation-selective glass electrodes and their mode of operation.Biophys. J. 2:259.
— 1962b. On the elementary atomic origin of equilibrium ionic specificity.In: Symposium on Membrane Transport and Metabolism. A. Kleinzeller and A. Kotyk, editors. p. 163. Academic Press, New York.
Eylar, E. H., Madoff, M. A., Brody, O. V., Oncley, J. L. 1962. The contribution of sialic acid to the surface charge of the erythrocyte.J. Biol. Chem. 237:1992.
Freedman, R. B., Radda, G. K. 1969. The interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate with the erythrocyte membrane.Fed. Europ. Biochem. Socs. Letters 3:150.
Gomperts, B. D., Stock, R. 1969. ANS fluorescence as an indicator of ionic interaction with membranes.In: Probes for Membrane Structure and Function (Fourth Johnson Foundation Colloquium). B. Chance, C.-P. Lee, and T. Yonetani, editors. Academic Press, N. Y. (in press).
Gregar, H. P., Hamilton, M. J., Oza, R. J., Bernstein, F. 1956. Studies on ion exchange resins; selectivity coefficients of methacrylic acid resins towards alkali metal cations.J. Phys. Chem. 60:263.
Klotz, I. M., Walker, F. M., Pivan, R. B. 1946. Binding of organic ions by proteins.J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 68:1486.
Ling, G. N. 1962. A Physical Theory of the Living State. Chapter 4. Blaisdell, New York.
Papahadjopoulos, D. 1968. Surface properties of acidic phospholipids: interaction of monolayers and hydrated liquid crystals with uni- and bi-valent metal ions.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 163:240.
Reichenberg, D. 1966. Ion exchange selectivity.In: Ion Exchange, vol. 1. J. A. Marinsky, editor. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Rubalcava, B., Martinez de Munoz, D., Gitler, C. 1969. Interaction of fluorescent probes with membranes. Effect of ions on erythrocyte membranes.Biochemistry 8:2742.
Scatchard, G. 1949. The attraction of proteins for small molecules and ions.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:660.
Stock, R., Gomperts, B. D. 1969. ANS Fluorescence as an indicator of ionic interaction with membranes.In: Abstracts of Third International Biophysics Society Meeting, Cambridge, Mass.
Stryer, L. 1968. Fluorescence spectroscopy of proteins.Science 162:521.
Tasaki, I., Carnay, L., Sandlin, R., Watanabe, A. 1968. Changes in fluorescence, turbidity and birefringence associated with nerve excitation.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 61:883.
Truesdell, A. H., Christ, C. L. 1967. Glass electrodes for calcium and other divalent cations.In: Glass Electrodes for Hydrogen and Other Cations. G. Eisenman, editor. Marcell Dekker, New York.
Vanderkooi, J., Martonosi, A. 1969. Use of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate as a conformational probe on biological membranes.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 133:153.
Weber, G. 1962. Polarization of the fluorescence of macromolecules.Biochem. J. 51:155.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gomperts, B., Lantelme, F. & Stock, R. Ion association reactions with biological membranes, studied with the fluorescent dye 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate. J. Membrain Biol. 3, 241–266 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01868018
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01868018