Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Who knows what about contempt: A reply to Izard and Haynes

  • Published:
Motivation and Emotion Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Izard and Haynes question our findings and claims for disovery because they did not consider the difference between a one-to-one and one-to-many relationship between a sign (the facial expression) and what it signifies (a message about emotion). Clarifying this matter not only shows that the disagreement between us is more apparent than real, but more importantly highlights what remains to be discovered about which emotional states are signaled by which facial expressions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion.Motivation and Emotion, 10 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1972).Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1971).The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1977).Human emotions. New York, London: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1979).The maximally discriminative facial movement coding system (Max). Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Instructional Resources Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E., & Haynes, O. M. 1988. On the form and universality of the contempt expression: A challenge to Ekman and Friesen's claim of discovery.Motivation and Emotion, 12 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landis, C., & Hunt, W. A. (1939).The startle pattern. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, 94143, San Francisco, California

    Paul Ekman & Wallace V. Friesen

Authors
  1. Paul Ekman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wallace V. Friesen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V. Who knows what about contempt: A reply to Izard and Haynes. Motiv Emot 12, 17–22 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992470

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992470

Keywords

Search

Navigation