Summary
We have compared the chemical properties and biological activities of the mesoderm-inducing factor that is secreted by the Xenopus XTC cell line with the vegetalizing factor from chicken embryos. The inducing activity of the factors was tested in different concentrations on totipotent ectoderm either by implantation into early gastrulae of Triturm alpestris or by application of solutions to isolated ectoderm of early gastrulae of Xenopus laevis. Both factors have similar properties. They are not irreversibly inactivated after treatment with 6 M urea or with phenol at 60° C. Reduction with thioglycolic acid inactivates the factors completely. The inducing activity of XTC-conditioned medium decreases only slightly after treatment with 50% formic acid. The apparent molecular mass and the isoelectric point of the factors are similar. The XTC factor was partially purified by size-exclusion and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The possible relationship of these factors to transforming growth factor β is discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asahi K-I, Born J, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1979) Formation of mesodermal pattern by secondary inducing interactions. Roux's Arch Dev Biol 187:231–244
Asashima M (1975) Inducing effects of the presumptive endoderm of successive stages in Triturus alpestris. Wilhelm Roux's Arch 177:301–308
Becker U, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1959) Versuche zur Determination von embryonalem Amphibiengewebe durch Induktionsstoffe in Lösung. Z Naturforsch 14b:608–609
Born J, Geithe HP, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H, Kocher-Becker U (1972) Isolation of a vegetalizing inducing factor. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 353:1075–1084
Born J, Hoppe P, Schwarz W, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H, Wittmann-Liebold B (1985) An embryonic inducing factor: isolation by HPL chromatography and chemical properties. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 366:729–735
Born J, Davids M, Tiedemann H (1987) Affinity chromatography of embryonic inducing factors on heparin-Sepharose. Cell Differ 21:131–136
Boterenbrood EC, Nieuwkoop PD (1973) The formation of the mesoderm in urodelean amphibians. V. Its regional induction by the endoderm. Wilhelm Roux's Arch 173:319–3332
Bradford M (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Geithe HP, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1970) Electrofocusing of the vegetalizing inducing factor. Biochim Biophys Acta 208:154–159
Geithe HP, Asashima M, Asahi KI, Born J, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1981) A vegetalizing inducing factor: Isolation and chemical properties. Biochim Biophys Acta 676:350–356
Godsave SF, Isaacs HV, Slack SMW (1988) Mesoderm-inducing factors: a small class of molecules. Development 102:555–566
Grunz H, Tacke L (1986) The inducing capacity of the presumptive endoderm of Xenopus laevis studied by transfilter experiments. Wilhelm Roux's Arch 195:467–473
Grunz H, McKeehan WL, Knöchel W, Born J, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1988) Induction of mesodermal tissues by acidic and basic heparin binding growth factors. Cell Differ 22:183–190
Janeczek J, John M, Born J, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1984) Inducing activity of subcellular fractions from amphibian embryos. Wilhelm Roux's Arch Dev Biol 193:1–12
Kimelman D, Kirschner M (1987) Synergistic induction of mesoderm by FGF and TGF-β and the identification of an m-RNA coding for FGF in the early Xenopus embryo. Cell 51:869–877
Kocher-Becker U, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1965) Exovagination of newt endoderm: cell affinities altered by the mesodermal inducing factor. Science 147:167–169
Knöchel W, Born J, Hoppe P, Loppnow-Blinde B, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H, McKeehan WL, Grunz H (1987) Mesoderm inducing factors: their possible relationship to heparin-binding growth factors and transforming growth factor β. Naturwissenschaften 74:604–606
Landon M (1977) Cleavage of aspartyl-prolyl bonds. Methods Enzymol 47:145–149
Lobb RR, Harper JW, Fett JW (1986) Purification of heparin-binding growth factors: a review. Anal Biochem 154:1–14
Mangold O (1923) Transplantationsversuche zur Frage der Spezifität und der Bildung der Keimblätter 100:198–301
Minuth M, Grunz H (1980) The formation of mesodermal derivatives after induction with vegetalizing factor depends on secondary cell interactions. Cell Differ 9:229–238
Nakamura O, Takasaki H, Ishihara M (1971) Formation of the organizer from combinations of presumptive ectoderm and endoderm. I. Proc Jpn Acad 47:313–318
Nieuwkoop PD, Faber J (1956) Normal tables of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) North Holland, Amsterdam
O'Farrell PH (1975) High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J Biol Chem 250:4007–4021
Pudney M, Varma MGR, Leake CJ (1973) Establishment of a cell line (XTC-2) from the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis. Experientia 29:466–467
Roberts AB, Anzano MA, Meyers ChA, Wideman J, Blacher R, Pan Yu ChE, Stein St, Lehrman SR, Smith JM, Lamb LC, Sporn M (1983) Purification and properties of a type β transforming growth factor from bovine kidney. Biochemistry 22:5692–5698
Rosa F, Roberts AB, Danielpour D, Dart LL, Sporn MB, Dawid IB (1988) Mesoderm induction in amphibians: the role of TGF-β2-like factors. Science 239:783–785
Schwarz W, Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1981) High performance gel permeation chromatography of protein. Mol Biol Rep 8:7–10
Slack JMW, Darlington BG, Heath JK, Godsave SF (1987) Mesoderm induction in early Xenopus embryos by heparin-binding growth factors. Nature 326:197–200
Smith JC (1987) A mesoderm-inducing factor is produced by a Xenopus cell line. Development 99:3–14
Smith JC, Yaqoob M, Symes K (1988) Purification, partial characterization and biological effects of the XTC mesoderm-inducing factor. Development 103:591–600
Tiedemann H (1986) Test of embryonic inducing factors. Advantages and disadvantages of different procedures. In: Serrero G, Hayashi J (eds) Cellular endocrinology: hormonal control of embryonic and cellular differentiation. Liss, New York, pp 25–34
Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1956a) Versuche zur chemischen Kennzeichnung von embryonalen Induktionsstoffen. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 306:7–32
Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H (1956b) Isolierung von Ribonucleinsäure und Nucleotiden aus Embryonalextrakt und Leber und ihr Verhalten im Induktionsversuch. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 306:132–142
Tiedemann H, Born J, Tiedemann H (1966) Chemische Eigenschaften des mesodermalen Induktionsfaktors. Verhalten bei der Ultrazentrifugierung. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 346:7–16
Tiedemann H, Tiedemann H, Born J (1969) Wirkung von Sulfhydrylverbindungen auf embryonale Induktionsfaktoren. Wilhelm Roux's Arch 163:316–324
Toivonen S, Saxén L (1955) The simultaneous inducing actions of liver and bone marrow of the guinea pig in implantation and explantation experiments with embryos of Triturus. Exp Cell Res [Suppl] 3:346–357
Yamada T (1961) A chemical approach to the problem of the organizer. In: Abercrombie M, Brachet J (eds) Advances in morphogenesis 1. Academic Press New York, pp 1–53
Yamada T, Takata K (1961) A technique for testing macromolecular samples in solution for morphogenetic effects on the isolated ectoderm of the amphibian gastrula. Dev Biol 3:411–423
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Sulo Toivonen on the occasion of his 80th birthday
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grunz, H., Born, J., Davids, M. et al. A mesoderm-inducing factor from a Xenopus laevis cell line. Roux's Arch Dev Biol 198, 8–13 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376364
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376364