Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polycentric vascular rays in Suaeda monoica and the control of ray initiation and spacing

  • Original Articles
  • Published:
Trees Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The early-formed xylem of Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J. F. Gmel (Chenopodiaceae) is temporarily rayless. Vascular rays differentiate during later stages of its xylem ontogeny. The rays in Suaeda are heterogeneous, and some of them are aggregated. The mature xylem of this species is characterized by two unique types of vascular rays: (1) rays with several inside initiation “centres” of small cells formed by local frequent cell divisions in the cambium, and (2) huge xylem rays with radial phloem strands that are connected to the axial phloem. The spacing of the xylem rays is not even, and possible mechanisms controlling ray spacing are discussed. Our observations indicate that rays do not have an inhibitory zone around them in which ray initiation is prevented. The initiation of radial patterns of small cells which appear like inside “rays” within a large vascular ray suggests that initiation and spacing of rays is controlled by radial signal flows in relationship with axial signal fluxes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ajmal S, Khan R, Iqbal M (1986) Cambial structure of Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. in relation to age. Flora (Jena) 178: 197–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R (1980) Role of auxin and sucrose in the differentiation of sieve and tracheary elements in plant tissue cultures. Planta 150: 255–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R (1987a) Differentiation of vascular tissues. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 38: 179–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R (1987b) The induction of vascular tissues by auxin. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development. Nijhoff/Junk, The Hague, pp 363–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R (1991) Wood formation in deciduous hardwood trees. In: Raghavendra AS (ed) Physiology of trees. Wiley, New York (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R, Gad AE (1982) Anatomy of the primary phloem fiber system in Pisum sativum. Am J Bot 69: 979–984

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R, Zimmermann MH (1983) The control of vessel size and density along the plant axis — a new hypothesis. Differentiation 24: 203–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Baas P, Schmid R, Heuven BJ van (1986) Wood anatomy of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) and the sustained length-on-age increase of its tracheids. IAWA Bull 7: 221–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey IW (1911) The relation of the leaf-trace to the formation of compound rays in the lower dicotyledons. Ann Bot 25: 225–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey IW (1912) The evolutionary history of the foliar ray in the wood of the dicotyledons, and its phylogenetic significance. Ann Bot 26: 647–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannan MW (1951) The annual cycle of size changes in the fusiform cambial cells of Chamaecyparis and Thuja. Can J Bot 29: 421–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannan MW (1953) Further observations on the reduction of fusiform cambial cells in Thuja occidentalis. Can J Bot 31: 63–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannan MW (1965) Ray contacts and rate of anticlinal division in fusiform cambial cells of some Pinaceae. Can J Bot 43: 487–507

    Google Scholar 

  • Barghoorn ES Jr (1940) The ontogenetic development and the phylogenetic significance of rays in the xylem of dicotyledons. I. The primitive ray structure. Am J Bot 27: 918–928

    Google Scholar 

  • Barghoorn ES Jr (1941a) The ontogenetic development and phylogenetic specialization of rays in the xylem of dicotyledons-III. The elimination of rays. Bull Torrey Bot Club 68: 317–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Barghoorn ES Jr (1941b) The ontogenetic development and phylogenetic specialization of rays in the xylem of dicotyledons. II. Modification of the multiseriate and uniseriate rays. Am J Bot 28: 373–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat KM, Bhat KV, Dhamodaran TK (1989) Fibre length variation in stem and branches of eleven tropical hardwoods. IAWA Bull 10: 63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosshard HH (1965) Aspects of the aging process in cambium and xylem. Holzforschung 19: 65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Botosso DC, Vidal Gomes A (1982) Radial vessels and series of perforated ray cells in Annonaceae. IAWA Bull 3: 39–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun HJ (1955) Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Markstrahlen. Bot Stud 4: 73–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun HJ (1970) Funktionelle Histologie der sekundaren Sprossachse. I. Das Holz. Borntraeger, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruyne AS de (1952) Wood structure and age. Proc K Ned Adad Wet Ser C Biol Med Sci 55: 282–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Bünning E (1952) Morphogenesis in plants. Surv Biol Prog 2: 105–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Bünning E (1965) Die Entstehung von Mustern in der Entwicklung von Pflanzen. Handb Pflanzenphysiol 15: 383–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S (1962) A theory of paedomorphosis in dicotyledonous woods. Phytomorphology 12: 30–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S (1966) Wood anatomy of Compositae. A summary, with comments on factors controlling wood evolution. Aliso 6: 25–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S (1970) Wood anatomy of insular species of Plantago and the problem of raylessness. Bull Torrey Bot Club 97: 353–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S (1988) Comparative wood anatomy: systematic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of dicotyledon wood. In: Timell TE (ed) Springer series in wood science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 436

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S, Zona S (1988) Wood anatomy of Acanthaceae: a survey. Aliso 12: 201–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmi A, Sachs T, Fahn A (1972) The relation of ray spacing to cambial growth. New Phytol 71: 349–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Catesson A-M (1980) The vascular cambium. In: Little CHA (ed) Control of shoot growth in trees. Proceedings of the joint workshop IUFRO working parties on xylem physiology and shoot growth physiology. Fredericton, Canada, pp 12–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Chattaway MM (1936) Relation between fibre and cambial initial length in dicotyledonous woods. Trop Woods 46: 16–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheadle VI, Esau K (1964) Secondary phloem of Liriodendron tulipifera. Univ Calif Publ Bot 36: 143–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinwoodie JM (1961) Tracheid and fibre length in timber: a review of literature. Forestry 34: 125–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Eames AJ (1910) On the origin of the broad ray in Quercus. Bot Gaz 49: 161–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Evert RF (1961) Some aspects of cambial development in Pyrus communis. Am J Bot 48: 479–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn A (1982) Plant anatomy, 3rd edn. Pergamon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn A, Werker E, Baas P (1986) Wood anatomy and identification of trees and shrubs from Israel and adjacent regions. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersani M (1987) Vessel differentiation along different tissue polarities. Physiol Plant 70: 516–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Hashmi S (1980) Changes in the vascular cambium of Polyalthia longifolia Benth. et Hook, (Annonaceae) in relation to the girth of the axis. Flora (Jena) 170: 135–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Iqbal M (1975) A comparative study on the cambial structure of some arid zone species of Acacia and Prosopis. Bot Not 128: 327–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Iqbal M (1977) Variation trends in the cambial structure of Prosopis spicigera L. in relation to the girth of the tree axis. Bull Torrey Bot Club 104: 197–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Yunus M (1973) Some aspects of cambial development in the shoots of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Flora (Jena) 162: 549–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghouse AKM, Yunus M (1976) Cell length variation in the secondary phloem of Dalbergia ssp. with increasing age of the vascular cambium. Ann Bot 40: 13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson AC (1978) Rayles secondary xylem of Halophytum. Bull Torrey Bot Club 105: 39–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris JM (1969) On the causes of spiral grain in corewood of radiata pine. N Z J Bot 7: 189–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris JM (1973) Spiral grain and xylem polarity in radiata pine: microscopy of cambial reorientation. N Z J For Sci 3: 363–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris JM (1989) Spiral grain and wave phenomena in wood formation. In: Timell TE (ed) Springer series in wood science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 214

    Google Scholar 

  • IAWA Committee on Nomenclature (1964) Multilingual glossary of terms used in wood anatomy. Konkordia, Winterthur, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • IAWA (1989) List of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bull 10: 219–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Ghouse AKM (1987) Anatomy of the vascular cambium of Acacia nilotica (1.) Del. var. lelia Troup (Mimosaceae) in relation to age and season. Bot J Linn Soc 94: 385–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey EC (1917) The anatomy of woody plants. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1962) Botanical histochemistry. Freeman, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirschner H, Sachs T, Fahn A (1971) Secondary xylem reorientation as a special case of vascular tissue differentiation. Isr J Bot 20: 184–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Krawczyszyn J (1971) Unidirectional splitting and uniting of rays in the cambium of Platanus accompanying the formation of interlocked grain in wood. Acta Soc Bot Pol 40: 57–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Krawczyszyn J (1972) Movement of the cambial domain pattern and mechanism of formation of interlocked grain in Platanus. Acta Soc Bot Pol 41: 443–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Kribs DA (1935) Salient lines of structural specialization in the wood rays of dicotyledons. Bot Gaz 96: 547–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Kučera LJ, Bosshard HH (1975) The presence of biseriate rays in fir (Abies alba Mill.). IAWA Bull 1975: 51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1950) Anatomy of the dicotyledons. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley MF (1948) Comparative anatomy and phytogeny of the Casuarinaceae. Bot Gaz 110: 231–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Neeff F (1914) Über Zellumlagerung. Ein Beitrag zur experimentellen Anatomie. Z Bot 6: 465–545

    Google Scholar 

  • Noskowiak AF (1978) Distribution of aggregated rays in red alder. Wood Fiber 10: 58–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtani J, Fukazawa K, Fukumorita T (1987) SEM observations on indented rings. IAWA Bull 8: 113–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Outer RW den, Veenendaal WLH van (1981) Wood and bark anatomy of Azima tetracantha Lam. (Salvadoraceae) with description of its included phloem. Acta Bot Neerl 30: 199–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Paliwal GS, Srivastava LM (1969) The cambium of Asleuosmia. Phytomorphology 19: 5–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipson WR, Ward JM, Butterfield BG (1971) The vascular cambium. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizzolato TD (1982) Anatomical modification by 2,4-DB of vascular cambium and secondary xylem in soybean internodes. Can J Bot 60: 2142–2146

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszynski W (1972) Downward movement of the domain pattern in Aesculus cambium producing wavy-grained xylem. Acta Soc Bot Pol 41: 511–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao KS (1988) Cambial activity and developmental changes in ray initials of some tropical trees. Flora (Jena) 181: 425–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts LW, Gahan PB, Aloni R (1988) Vascular differentiation and plant growth regulators. In: Timell TE (ed) Springer series in wood science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 154

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs T (1981) The control of patterned differentiation of vascular tissues. Adv Bot Res 9: 151–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Saks Y, Aloni R (1985) Polar gradients of tracheid number and diameter during primary and secondary xylem development in young seedlings of Pinus pinea L. Ann Bot 56: 771–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Savidge RA, Farrar JL (1984) Cellular adjustments in the vascular cambium leading to spiral grain formation in conifers. Can J Bot 62: 2872–2879

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava LM (1963) Secondary phloem in the Pinaceae. Univ Calif Publ Bot 36: 1–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins GL (1974) Flowering plants, evolution above the species level. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson WP (1911) On the origin of the multiseriate ray of the Dicotyledons. Ann Bot 25: 1005–1014

    Google Scholar 

  • Tupper-Carey RM (1930) Observations on the anatomical changes in tissue bridges across rings through the phloem of trees. Leeds Phil Lit Soc Sci Sec 2: 86–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Vliet GJCM van (1976) Radial vessels in rays. IAWA Bull 1976: 35–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel Y, Ovadia S (1972) Biological flora of Israel. 3. Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J. F. Gmel. Isr J Bot 21: 42–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler H (1964) Storage, mobilization and distribution of reserve material in trees. In: Zimmermann MH (ed) The formation of wood in forest trees. Academic Press, New York, pp 303–320

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 699 78, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Simcha Lev-Yadun & Roni Aloni

Authors
  1. Simcha Lev-Yadun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roni Aloni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lev-Yadun, S., Aloni, R. Polycentric vascular rays in Suaeda monoica and the control of ray initiation and spacing. Trees 5, 22–29 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225331

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225331

Key words

Search

Navigation