Abstract
The optical observations and analyses of the flares of August 1972 are reviewed with emphasis on their dynamics. In particular, various assessments are made of possible quantitative interpretation of observed data. Specific topics considered are the storage and release of magnetic energy, triggering mechanisms, particle acceleration and magnetic field reconnection, and coronal and solar wind responses. Supplemental discussions on possible future direction of research are presented, illustrating the need for examination of the storage and release of flare energy in the lower solar atmosphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Athay, R. G. (ed.): ‘Chromospheric Fine Structure’, IAU Symp., 56, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Barnes, C. W. and Sturrock, P. A.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 174, 659.
Brown, J. C: 1973, Solar Phys. 31, 143.
Bruzek, A.: 1972, in E. R. Dyer (ed.), Astrophys. Space Sci. Library 29, 49.
Canfield, R. C.: 1974, Solar Phys. 34, 339.
Canfield, R. C. and Athay, R. G.: 1974, Solar Phys. 34, 193.
Cartwright, B. G. and Mogro-Campero, A.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 393.
Chupp, E. L., Forrest, D. J. and Suri, A. N.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 285.
Coppi, B. and Frieland, A. B.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 379.
Davis, W. D.: 1972, Thesis, University of Maryland.
Davis, W. D.: 1974, Nakagawa and Rust (1974, loc. cit.), 293.
Demastus, H. L., Wagner, W. J. and Robinson, R. D.: 1973, Solar Phys. 31, 449.
Dryer, M., Wu, S. T. and Steinolfson, R. S.: 1975, in (M. J. Rycroft, ed.) Space Research (in press).
Fisher, R. R.: 1974, Solar Phys. 35, 401.
Fritzová-Svestková, L. and Svestka, Z.: 1973, Solar Phys. 29, 417.
Elliot, H.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 12.
Giovanelli, R. G.: 1970, Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia 1, 363.
Gold, T. and Hoyle, F.: 1960, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 120, 89.
Harvey, J. W.: 1971, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 83, 539.
Henoux, J. C.: 1975, Solar Phys. 42, 219.
Hess, W. N. (ed.): 1964, The Physics of Solar Flares, AAS-NASA Symp. NASA SP-50, Washington, DC.
Hildner, E., Gosling, J. T., MacQueen, R. M., Munro, R. H., Poland, A. I. and Ross, C. L.: 1975, Solar Phys. 42, 163.
Hirayama, T.: 1974, Solar Phys. 34, 323.
Hirayama, T. and Endler, F.: 1975, Preprint.
Hirschberg, J., Nakagawa, Y. and Wellck, R. E.: 1974, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3726.
Howard, R. (ed.): 1971, Solar Magnetic Fields, IAU Symp. 45, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Hudson, H. S.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 207.
Hundhausen, A. J.: 1972, Coronal Expansion and Solar Wind, Springer, New York.
Hyder, C. L.: 1968a, Solar Phys. 2, 49.
Hyder, C. L.: 1968b, Solar Phys. 2, 267.
Kafatos, M. C. and Tucker, W, H., 1972, Astrophys. J. 175, 837.
Kane, S. R.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 55.
Kiepenheuer, K. O. (ed.): 1968, ‘Structure and Development of Solar Active Regions’, IAU Symp. 35, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Kneer, F. and Nakagawa, Y.: 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 41, 65.
Krieger, A. S.: 1974, Nakagawa and Rust (1974, loc. cit.), 35.
Levine, R. H. and Nakagawa, Y.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 190, 703.
Levine, R. H, and Nakagawa, Y.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 196, 859.
Livingstone, W.: 1974, Nakagawa and Rust (1974, loc. cit.), 269.
Low, B. C.: 1973a, Astrophys. J. 181, 209,
Low, B. C.: 1973b, Astrophys. J. 184, 917.
Low, B. C.: 1974a, Astrophys. J. 189, 353.
Low, B. C.: 1974b, Astrophys. J. 193, 243.
Low, B. C.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, 211.
Low, B. C. and Nakagawa, Y.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 199, 237.
Lüst, R. (ed.): 1965, ‘Stellar and Solar Magnetic Fields’, IAU Symp. 22, North-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam.
Machado, M. E. and Linsky, J. L.: 1975, Solar Phys. 42, 385.
Machado, M. E. and Rust, D. M.: 1974, Solar Phys. 38, 499.
Martres, M. J., Rayrole, J., Ribes, E., Semel, M. and Soru-Escaut, I.: 1974, Nakagawa and Rust (1974, loc. cit.), 333.
Nakagawa, Y.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 190, 437.
Nakagawa, Y. and Levine, R. H.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 190, 441.
Nakagawa, Y. and Priest, E. R.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 179, 949.
Nakagawa, Y. and Raadu, M. A.: 1972, Solar Phys. 25, 127.
Nakagawa, Y. and Rust, D. M. (eds.): 1974, Flare-Related Magnetic Field Dynamics, HAO/NCAR, Boulder, Colorado.
Nakagawa, Y. and Steinolfson, R. S.: 1975, Preprint.
Nakagawa, Y. and Tanaka, K.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 190, 711.
Nakagawa, Y., Raadu, M. A. and Harvey, J. W.: 1973a, Solar Phys. 30, 421.
Nakagawa, Y., Wu, S. T. and Han, S. M.: 1973b, Solar Phys. 30, 111.
Nakagawa, Y., Wu, S. T. and Tandberg-Hanssen, E.: 1975, Solar Phys. 41, 387
Nakagawa, Y., Raadu, M. A., Billings, D. E. and McNamara, D.: 1971, Solar Phys. 19, 72.
Neupert, W. M., Thomas, R. J. and Chapman, R. D.: 1974, Solar Phys. 34, 349.
Neupert, W. M., Nakagawa, Y. and Rust, D. M.: 1975, Solar Phys. 43, 397.
Newkirk, G. Jr. (ed.): 1974, ‘Coronal Disturbances’, IAU Symp. 57, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Öhman, Y. (ed.): 1968, Mass Motions in Solar Flares and Related Phenomena, Wiley, New York.
Ogir, M. B. and Shaposhnikova, E. F.: 1965, Izv. Krymsk. Astrofiz. Obs. 34, 272.
Petschek, H. E.: 1964, Hess (1964, loc. cit.), 425.
Platov, Yu. V., Somov, B. V. and Syrovatskii, S. I.: 1973, Solar Phys. 30, 139.
Price, P. B.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 377.
Priest, E. R. and Raadu, M. A.; 1974, Nakagawa and Rust (1974, loc. cit.), 227.
Raadu, M. A. and Nakagawa, Y.: 1971, Solar Phys. 20, 64.
Ramaty, R. and Ligenfelter, R. E.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 301.
Ramaty, R. and Stone, R. G. (eds.): 1973, High Energy Phenomena on the Sun, NASA — Symp. NASA SP-342, Washington, DC.
Riddle, A. C., Tandberg-Hanssen, E. and Hansen, R. T.: 1974, Solar Phys. 35, 171.
Rust, D. M.: 1972, Sky and Telescope 44, 2.
Rust, D. M.: 1973, Solar Phys. 33, 205.
Rust, D. M.: 1974, Nakagawa and Rust (1974, loc. cit.), 243.
Rust, D. M. and Bar, V.: 1973, Solar Phys. 33, 445.
Rust, D. M. and Hegwer, F.: 1975, Solar Phys. 40, 141.
Rust, D. M., Nakagawa, Y. and Neupert, W. M.: 1975, Solar Phys. 41, 397.
Severney, A. B.: 1972, in E. R. Dyer (ed.), Astrophys. Space Sci. Library 29, 38.
Severney, A. B. and Steshenko, N. V.: 1972, in E. R. Dyer (ed.), Astrophy. Space Sci. Library 29, 173.
Smith, D. F. and Raadu, M. A.: 1972, Cosmic Electrodyn. 3, 285.
Sonnerup, B. U. O.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973, loc. cit.), 357.
Steinberg, J.: 1973, Thesis, University of Utrecht.
Sturrock, P. A.: 1972, Solar Phys. 23, 438.
Sturrock, P. A. and Coppi, B. A.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 143, 3.
Švestka, Z.: 1970, Solar Phys. 13, 471.
Sweet, P. A.: 1958, in B. Lehnert (ed.), Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics, IAU Symp. 6, Cambridge University Press, p. 123.
Sweet, P. A.: 1969, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 7, 149.
Syrovatsky, S. I.: 1972, in E. R. Dyer (ed.), Astrophys. Space Sci. Library 29, 119.
Takakura, T.: 1973, Ramaty and Stone (1973), loc. cit., 179.
Tanaka, K.: 1972, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 4, 393.
Tanaka, K. and Nakagawa, Y.: 1973, Solar Phys. 33, 187.
Tandberg-Hanssen, E.: 1973, Earth Extraterrestrial Sci. 2, 89.
Uchida, Y., Altschuler, M. D. and Newkirk, G. Jr.: 1973, Solar Phys. 28, 495.
Valnicěk, B.: 1964, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech. 15, 207.
Waldmeier, M.: 1973, Solar Phys. 30, 129.
Warwick, J. W.: 1962, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 74, 302.
Wild, J. P., Smerd, S. F. and Weiss, A. A.: 1963, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1, 291.
Yeh, T. and Axford, W. I.: 1970, J. Plasma Phys. 4, 207.
Yeh, T. and Dryer, M.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 182, 301.
Zel'dovich, Ya. B. and Raizer, Yu. P.: 1967, Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, Chap. X.
Zirin, H.: 1974, Vistas in Astron. 16, 1.
Zirin, H. and Tanaka, K.: 1973, Solar Phys. 32, 173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
On leave from the High Altitude Observatory.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nakagawa, Y. Flares of August 1972: Analysis of dynamics. Space Sci Rev 19, 459–473 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210638
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210638