Skip to main content
Log in

Lead exposure in Saudi Arabia and its relationship to smoking

  • Published:
Biometals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Lead was determined in whole blood samples obtained from 202 Saudi male volunteers. The influence of smoking on lead exposure was investigated. Blood lead was significantly higher in current smokers than in non-smokers and previous smokers (P< 0.05). The distribution of blood lead data in the screened subjects suggested the eixstence of two mixed populations and a cut-off of 12 μg dl −1 was found where the two populations separate. Of the exposed population, 80% with blood lead concentrations above 12 μg dl−1 were smokers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Saleh I. 1990 Investigations of the prevalence and sources of lead exposure in Saudi Arabia. PhD Thesis. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Saleh I, Taylor A. 1994 Lead concentrations in the atmosphere and soil of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 141, 261–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bener A. 1987 Smoking habits among male students at King Saud University. Journal of the Royal Society of Health 1, 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiba M, Masironi R. 1992 Toxic and trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Bull WHO 70, 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elinder CG, Friberg L, Birger L, Jawaid M. 1983 Lead and cadmium levels in blood samples from the general population of Sweden. Environ Res 30, 233–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean P, Olsen NB, Hollnagel H. 1981 Influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on blood lead levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 48, 391–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hense H, Filipiak B, Novak L, Stoeppler M. 1992 Nonoccupational determinants of blood lead concentrations in a general population. Int J Epidemiol 21, 753–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahaffey KR, Annest L, Robersts J, Murphy RS. 1982 National estimates of blood lead levels: United States, 1976–1980: association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors. N Engl J Med 307, 573–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh MJ, Moore MR, Goldberg GS, Fell GS, Cunningham C, Halls DJ. 1982 Studies of lead and cadmium exposure in Glasgow, U.K. Ecol Dis 1, 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin M, Stopps GJ. 1973 Smoking and lead. Arch Environ Health 26, 131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences. 1980 Committee on Lead in the Human Environment, Washington, DC: NAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Walker M, et al. 1983 Effects of tap water lead, water hardness, alcohol, and cigarettes on blood lead concentrations. J Epidemiol Commun Health 37, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, et al. 1982 Effects of alcohol and smoking on blood lead in middle-aged British men. Br Med J 284, 299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statgraphics Software. 1987 Statistical graphics system by statistical graphics corporation. A PLUS*WARE software product. STSC, Inc.

  • Taylor A. 1988 The use of internal quality control materials for the preparation and maintenance of reliable methods for the measurement of lead in blood. Fresesius Z Anal Chem 332, 732–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1977 Environmental Health Criteria. Lead. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willers S, Attewell R, Bensryd I, Schutz A, Skarping G, Vahter M. 1992 Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household and urinary cotinine excretion, heavy metals retention, and lung function. Arch Environ Health 47, 357–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielhuis RL, Stuik EJ, Herber RFM, et al. 1977 Smoking habits and levels of lead and cadmium in blood in urban women. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 39, 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Al-Saleh, I.A. Lead exposure in Saudi Arabia and its relationship to smoking. Biometals 8, 243–245 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00143383

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00143383

Keywords

Navigation