Skip to main content

Applications of Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Mortar (FRCM) in Structural Strengthening

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emerging Trends of Advanced Composite Materials in Structural Applications

Part of the book series: Composites Science and Technology ((CST))

Abstract

Over the past two decades, the use of advanced composite materials such as Fiber reinforced Polymers (FRP) and Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) has been widely adopted for the strengthening of critical infrastructural assets such as bridges, building, dams, and tunnels. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art review on the use of FRCM for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under different load combinations. Initially, the material characterisation of FRCM through the tensile and bond test are described. Then, a detailed overview on the overall behavior and failure mode of FRCM strengthened RC members under compression, shear, flexure, torsion and seismic loads are discussed. Moreover, few studies highlighting the FRCM strengthening of un-reinforced masonry structures are also discussed. In addition, few case studies where the use of FRCM strengthening is preferred over the other techniques are discussed and the key parameters are analysed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ACI (American Concrete Institute) (2013) Guide to design and construction of externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems for repair and strengthening concrete and masonry structures. ACI 549.4R. ACI, Farmington Hills, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhoundi F, Vasconelos G, Lourenco P, Silva LM, Cunha F, Fangueiro R (2018) In-plane behavior of cavity masonry infills and strengthening with textile reinforced mortar. Eng Struct 156:145–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alabdulhady MY, Sneed LH, Carloni C (2017) Torsional behaviour of RC beams strengthened with PBO-FRCM composite—an experimental study. Eng Struct 136:393–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alabdulhady MY, Sneed LH (2018) A study of the effect of fiber orientation on the torsional behavior of RC beams strengthened with PBO-FRCM composite. Constr Build Mater 166:839–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Alabdulhady MY, Sneed LH (2019) Torsional strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded composites: a state of the art review. Constr Build Mater 205:148–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Aljazaeri ZR, Myers JJ (2017) Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in shear with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. J Compos Constr 21(5):04017041

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Salloum YA, Elsanadedy HM, Alsayed SH, Iqbal RA (2012) Experimental and numerical study for the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using textile-reinforced mortar. J Compos Constr 16(1):74–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altmeyer F, Weigl J, Scharf A (2012) Safety analysis and rehabilitation of the natural draft cooling tower Block E at the power plant of Niederaußem. Beton Stahlbetonbau 107(5):318–327 (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arboleda D, Carozzi FG, Nanni A, Poggi C (2016) Testing procedures for the uniaxial tensile characterization of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composites. J Compos Constr 20(3):04015063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ascione L, De Felice G, De Santis S (2015) A qualification method for externally bonded fibre reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) strengthening systems. Compos Part B 78:497–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM C1583/C1583M (2013) Standard test method for tensile strength of concrete surfaces and the bond strength or tensile strength of concrete repair and overlay materials by direct tension (pull-off method). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM D3039, D3039M (1996) Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Augenti N, Parisi F, Prota A, Manfredi G (2011) In-plane lateral response of a fullscale masonry sub-assemblage with and without an inorganic matrix-grid strengthening system. J Compos Constr 15:578–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awani O, El-Maaddawy T, El Refai A (2016) Numerical simulation and experimental testing of concrete beams strengthened in shear with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. J Compos Constr 20(6):04016056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam R, Soudki K (2014) FRCM strengthening of shear-critical RC beams. J Compos Constr 18(5):04014012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babaeidarabad S, Loreto G, Nanni A (2014) Flexural strengthening of RC beams with an externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. J Compos Constr 18(5):04014009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanksvärd T, Täljsten B, Carolin A (2009) Shear strengthening of concrete structures with the use of mineral-based composites. J Compos Constr 13(1):25–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Bournas D (2016) Strengthening of existing structures: selected case studies. In: Triantafillou TC (ed) Textile fibre composites in civil engineering. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp 389–411 (Chapter 17)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bournas DA, Triantafillou TC (2009) Flexural strengthening of RC columns with NSM FRP or stainless steel. ACI Struct J 106(4):495–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Bournas DA, Triantafillou TC (2011a) Bar buckling in RC columns confined with composite materials. J Compos Constr 15(3):393–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bournas DA, Triantafillou TC (2011b) Bond strength of lap spliced bars in concrete confined with composite jackets. J Compos Constr 15(2):156–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bournas DA, Triantafillou TC (2013) Biaxial bending of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with externally applied reinforcement in combination with confinement. ACI Struct J 110(2):193–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Bournas DA, Lontou PV, Papanicolaou CG, Triantafillou TC (2007) Textile-reinforced mortar versus fibre-reinforced polymer confinement in reinforced concrete columns. ACI Struct J 104(6):740

    Google Scholar 

  • Bournas DA, Triantafillou TC, Zygouris K, Stavropoulos F (2009) Textile-reinforced mortar versus FRP jacketing in seismic retrofitting of RC columns with continuous or lap-spliced deformed bars. J Compos Constr 13(5):360–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brückner A, Ortlepp R, Curbach M (2006) Textile reinforced concrete for strengthening in bending and shear. Mater Struct 39(8):741–748

    Google Scholar 

  • Brückner A, Ortlepp R, Curbach M (2008) Anchoring of shear strengthening for T-beams made of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). Mater Struct 41(2):407–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Cascardi A, Longo F, Micelli F, Aiello MA (2017) Compression strength of confined columns with fiber reinforced mortar (FRM): new design-oriented models. Constr Build Mater 156:387–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chellapandian M, Prakash SS, Sharma A (2017) Strength and ductility of innovative hybrid NSM reinforced and FRP confined short RC columns under axial compression. Compos Struct 176:205–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chellapandian M, Jain S, Prakash SS, Sharma A (2019) Effect of cyclic damage on the performance of RC square columns strengthened using hybrid FRP composites under axial compression. Fibers 7(10):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7100090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chinthapalli HK, Chellapandian M, Agarwal A, Prakash SS (2020) Effectiveness of hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer retrofitting on behaviour of fire damaged RC columns under axial compression. Eng Struct 211:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colajanni P, De Domenico F, Recupero A, Spinella N (2014) Concrete columns confined with fibre reinforced cementitious mortars: experimentation and modeling. Constr Build Mater 52:375–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contamine R, Si Larbi A, Hamelin P (2011) Contribution to direct tensile testing of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) composites. Mater Sci Eng A 528(29):8589–8598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Contamine R, Si Larbi A, Hamelin P (2013) Identifying the contributing mechanisms of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) in the case of shear repairing damaged and reinforced concrete beams. Eng Struct 46:447–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Antino T, Papanicolaou C (2017) Mechanical characterization of textile reinforced inorganic-matrix composites. Compos Part B Eng 127(15):78–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Antino T, Papanicolaou C (2018) Comparison between different tensile test setups for the mechanical characterization of inorganic matrix composites. Constr Build Mater 171(May):140–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Santis S, Carozzi FG, De Felice G, Poggi C (2017) Test methods for textile reinforced mortar systems. Compos Part B Eng 127:121–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebead U, Shrestha KC, Afzal MS, El Refai A, Nanni A (2017) Effectiveness of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix in strengthening reinforced concrete beams. J Compos Constr 21(2):04016084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elsanadedy HM, Almusallam TH, Alsayed SH, Al-Salloum YA (2013) Flexural strengthening of RC beams using textile reinforced mortar—experimental and numerical study. Compos Struct 97:40–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Escrig C, Gil L, Bernat-Maso E, Puigvert F (2015) Experimental and analytical study of reinforced concrete beams shear strengthened with different types of textile-reinforced mortar. Constr Build Mater 83:248–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faella C, Martinelli E, Camorani G, Aiello MA, Micelli F, Nigro E (2011) Masonry columns confined by composite materials: design formulae. Compos Part B Eng 42:705–716

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harajli M, ElKhatib H, San-Jose JT (2010) Static and cyclic out-of-plane response of masonry walls strengthened using textile-mortar system. J Mater Civ Eng 22:1171–1180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartig J, Jesse F, Schicktanz K, Haussler-Combe U (2012) Influence of experimental setups on the apparent uniaxial tensile load-bearing capacity of textile reinforced concrete specimens. Mater Struct 45(3):433–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain S, Chellapandian M, Prakash SS (2017) Emergency repair of severely damaged reinforced concrete column elements under axial compression: an experimental study. Constr Build Mater 155:751–761

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung K, Hong, Han S, Park J, Kim J (2015) Shear strengthening performance of hybrid FRP-FRCM. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2015:11

    Google Scholar 

  • Kankeri P, Prakash SS, Pachalla SKS (2018) Experimental and numerical studies on efficiency of hybrid overlay and near surface mounted FRP strengthening of pre-cracked hollow core slabs. Structures 15:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koutas LN, Bournas DA (2017) Flexural strengthening of two way RC slabs with textile-reinforced mortar: experimental investigation and design equations. J Compos Constr 21(1):04016065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koutas L, Pitytzogia A, Triantafillou TC, Bousias SN (2014) Strengthening of infilled reinforced concrete frames with TRM: Study on the development and testing of textile-based anchors. J Compos Constr 18(3):A4013015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koutas L, Bousias SN, Triantafillou TC (2015) Seismic strengthening of masonry-infilled RC frames with TRM: experimental study. J Compos Constr 19(2):04014048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntal VS, Chellapandian M, Prakash SS (2017) Efficient near surface mounted CFRP shear strengthening of high strength prestressed concrete beams—an experimental study. Compos Struct 180:16–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loreto G, Leardini L, Arboleda D, Nanni A (2013) Performance of RC slab-type elements strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composites. J Compos Constr 18(3):A4013003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loreto G, Babaeidarabad S, Leardini L, Nanni A (2015) RC beams shear-strengthened with fabric-reinforced-cementitious-matrix (FRCM) composite. Int J Adv Struct Eng 7(4):341–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezrea IA, Yilmaz M, Ispir E, Binbir IE, Bal AI (2017) External jacketing of unreinforced historical masonry piers with open-grid basalt-reinforced mortar. J Compos Constr 21:04016110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Napoli A, Realfonzo R (2015) Reinforced concrete beams strengthened with SRP/SRG systems: experimental investigation. Constr Build Mater 93:654–677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ombres L (2011) Flexural analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with a cement based high strength composite material. Compos Struct 94(1):143–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ombres L (2014) Concrete confinement with a cement based high strength composite material. Compos Struct 109:294–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ombres L (2015) Structural performances of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear with a cement based fibre composite material. Compos Struct 122:316–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pachalla SKS, Prakash SS (2017) Load resistance and failure modes of FRP strengthened precast hollow core slabs with openings. Mater Struct 50(3):14

    Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolaou CG, Triantafillou TC (2006) Textile-reinforced cementitious or polymeric materials for strengthening of concrete structures. In: Proceedings of the 2nd fib congress. International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolaou CG, Triantafillou TC, Karlos K, Papathanasiou M (2007) Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: in-plane cyclic loading. Mater Struct 40:1081–1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolaou CG, Triantafillou M, Papathanasiou KK (2008) Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: out-of-plane cyclic loading. Mater Struct 41:143–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolaou C, Triantafillou TC, Papantoniou I, Balioukos C (2009) Strengthening of two-way slabs with textile-reinforced mortars (TRM). In: Proceedings of the 11th international fib symposium. International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Parisi F, Lignola GP, Augenti N, Prota A, Manfredi G (2011) Nonlinear behavior of a masonry subassemblage before and after strengthening with inorganic matrix-grid composites. J Compos Constr 15:821–832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peled A (2007) Confinement of damaged and nondamaged structural concrete with FRP and TRC sleeves. J Compos Constr 11(5):514–522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prota A, Marcari G, Fabbrocino G, Manfredi G, Aldea C (2006) Experimental inplane behavior of tuff masonry strengthened with cementitious matrix-grid composites. J Compos Constr 10:1081–1097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoof SM, Bournas DA (2017) Bond between TRM versus FRP composites and concrete at high temperatures. Compos Part B Eng 127:150–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoof SM, Koutas LN, Bournas DA (2017) Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in flexural strengthening of RC beams. Constr Build Mater 151:279–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schladitz F, Curbach M (2012) Torsion tests on textile-reinforced concrete strengthened specimens. Mater Struct 45(1–2):31–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schladitz F, Frenzel M, Ehlig D, Curbach M (2012) Bending load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with textile reinforced concrete. Eng Struct 40:317–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh MP, Khaleghi B, Saraf VK, Jain SK, Norris G, Goel R, Murty CVR (2002) Roads and Bridges. Earthq Spectra 18(1):363–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sneed LH, Verre S, Carloni C, Ombres L (2016) Flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with steel-FRCM composite. Eng Struct 127:686–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tetta ZC, Koutas LN, Bournas DA (2015) Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in shear strengthening of concrete beams. Compos Part B Eng 77:338–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tetta ZC, Koutas LN, Bournas DA (2016) Shear strengthening of full-scale RC T-beams using textile-reinforced mortar and textile based anchors. Compos Part B Eng 95:225–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tetta ZC, Koutas LN, Bournas DA (2018) Shear strengthening of concrete members with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM): effect of shear span-to-depth ratio, material and amount of external reinforcement. Compos Part B 137:184–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thermou GE, Katakalos K, Manos G (2015) Concrete confinement with steel-reinforced grout jackets. Mater Struct 48(5):1355–1376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trapko T (2014) Effect of eccentric compression loading on the strains of FRCM confined concrete columns. Constr Build Mater 61:97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triantafillou TC (2007) Textile-reinforced mortars (TRM) versus fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) as strengthening and seismic retrofitting materials for reinforced concrete and masonry structures. In Proceedings of the international conference on advanced composites in construction. University of Bath, Bath, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Triantafillou TC (2016) Textile fibre composites in civil engineering. Woodhead publishing series in civil and structural engineering, Elsevier Publications

    Google Scholar 

  • Triantafillou TC, Papanicolaou CG (2006) Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete members with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets. Mater Struct 39(1):93–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triantafillou TC, Papanicolaou CG, Zisimopoulos P, Laourdekis T (2006) Concrete confinement with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets. ACI Struct J 103(1):28–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimboli A, Mantegazza G (2004) Special Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) for the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams technical report [Online]. Link: http://www.ruredil.com.do/contentManager/productos/files/%5B19%5Darticolosansiro.pdf

  • Tzoura E, Triantafillou TC (2016) Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete T-beams under cyclic loading with TRM or FRP jackets. Mater Struct 49(1–2):17–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu D, Peled A, Zaguri E, Mobasher B (2011) Dynamic tensile testing of fabric-cement composites. Constr Build Mater 25(1):385–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou X, Sneed LH (2020) Bond behavior between steel fiber reinforced polymer (SRP) and concrete. Int J Concr Struct Mater 14:46

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr Mangesh Joshi, Sanrachana Solutions Ltd, Thane for the help with the required inputs for preparing the case study on FRCM strengthening of severely damaged RC columns.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Suriya Prakash .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chellapandian, M., Suriya Prakash, S. (2021). Applications of Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Mortar (FRCM) in Structural Strengthening. In: Singh, S.B., Sivasubramanian, M.V.R., Chawla, H. (eds) Emerging Trends of Advanced Composite Materials in Structural Applications. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1688-4_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics