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Role of Bioremediation Agents (Bacteria, Fungi, and Algae) in Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity

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Probiotics in Agroecosystem

Abstract

Heavy metals are environmental contaminants globally. They have polluted agricultural soils and caused detrimental effects on our ecosystem. Toxic effects of heavy metals have been reported in plants, animals, humans, and microorganisms. Heavy metal remediation is essential to preserve the health of agricultural soils and would lead to enhanced crop growth and yield. Various techniques and strategies have been used in recent years to remediate contaminated soils, but most of them were costly, environmentally unfriendly, and negatively affect soil properties. However, use of microbes to remediate heavy metals has been found to be cost effective and environmentally clean. Microbes enhance stability in agricultural soil health, which leads to sustained plant growth and development under stressful conditions. Particular agents used for bioremediation are bacteria, fungi, and algae. Bacterially-mediated processes have been used to alleviate heavy metal toxicity. Endophytic bacteria have greater potential to tolerate and remediate heavy metals stress. Bacterial strains showed potential to alleviate heavy metals from the rhizosphere of target plant species and improve their growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate heavy metal toxicity by inhibiting their uptake and translocation in plant parts. In addition, many morphological and physiological changes are induced by fungi. Macro- and micro-algae have been reported to alleviate heavy metal toxicity mostly in marine systems. Reports suggested that applications of the above bioremediation agents alleviate heavy metal stress, enhance phytoremediation capacity in combination with plant growth–promoting bacteria, and ultimately improve plant growth attributes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Zaid ul Hassan, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Rizwan & Muhammad Ibrahim

  2. Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Nafees

  3. Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Waseem

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  1. Zaid ul Hassan
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  2. Shafaqat Ali
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  3. Muhammad Rizwan
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  4. Muhammad Ibrahim
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  5. Muhammad Nafees
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  6. Muhammad Waseem
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Correspondence to Shafaqat Ali .

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  1. Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Vivek Kumar

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Manoj Kumar

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shivesh Sharma

  4. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Prasad

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Hassan, Z.u., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Ibrahim, M., Nafees, M., Waseem, M. (2017). Role of Bioremediation Agents (Bacteria, Fungi, and Algae) in Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity. In: Kumar, V., Kumar, M., Sharma, S., Prasad, R. (eds) Probiotics in Agroecosystem. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4059-7_27

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