Abstract
Several techniques for characterization of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are reviewed, focusing on measurements of attenuation, optical uniformity, selected polarization parameters, and effects of temperature and mechanical strain applied to the fiber. PCF properties often radically differ from those of conventional fibers used in communications networks, and available lengths are generally short, therefore different approach to characterization is required. Comparisons of alternative methods for selected tests are made, and examples of errors in PCF handling and testing are discussed. Examples of results obtained for silica single-mode PCFs with GeO2-doped core are also presented, accompanied by geometrical and compositional fiber data.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
P.S.J. Russell, Photonic-crystal fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 24(12), 4729–4749 (2006)
R. Buczyński, Photonic crystal fibers. Acta Phys. Pol. A 106(2), 141–167 (2004)
K. Nakajima, K. Hogari, J. Zhou, K. Tajima, I. Sankawa, Hole-assisted fiber design for small bending and splice losses. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15(12), 1737–1739 (2003)
T.A. Birks, P.J. Roberts, F. Couny, H. Sabert, B.J. Mangan, D.P. Williams, L. Farr, M.W. Mason, A. Tomlinson, J.C. Knight, P.S.J. Russell, The fundamental limits to the attenuation of hollow-core photonic crystal fibres, in Proceedings of ICTON 2005, Mo.B2.1 (2005), pp. 107–110
D.J. Richardson, F. Poletti, J.Y.Y. Leong, X. Feng, H.E. Heidepreim, H.V. Finazzi, K.E. Frampton, S. Asimakis, R.C. Moore, J.C. Baggett, J.R. Hayes, M.N. Petrovich, M.L. Tse, R. Amezcua, J.H.V. Price, N.G.R. Broderick, P. Petropoulos, T.M. Monro, Advances in microstructured fiber technology, in Proceedings of 2005 IEEE/LEOS Workshop on Fibres and Optical Passive Components (2005), pp. 1–9
J. Lægsgaard, A.O. Bjarklev, Microstructured optical fibers—fundamentals and applications. J. Am. Ceramic Soc. 89(1), 2–12 (2006)
I. Gris-Sanchez, J.C. Knight, Time-dependent degradation of photonic crystal fiber attenuation around OH absorption wavelengths. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(23), 3597–3602 (2012)
S.H. Law, J.D. Harvey, R.J. Kruhlak, M. Song, E. Wu, G.W. Barton, M.A. van Eijkelenborg, M.C.J. Large, Cleaving of microstructured polymer optical fibres. Opt. Commun. 258, 193–202 (2006)
A. Stefani, K. Nielsen, H.K. Rasmussen, O. Bang, Cleaving of TOPAS and PMMA microstructured polymer optical fibers: core-shift and statistical quality optimization. Opt. Commun. 285(7), 1825–1833 (2012)
ITU-T Recommendation G.652, Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable (2009)
K. Borzycki, K. Schuster, Arc fusion splicing of photonic crystal fibres, in Photonic Crystal Fibres—Book, vol. 1 (Intech Publishing, Rijeka, Croatia, 2012), pp. 175–200
B. Bourliaguet, C. Pare, F. Emond, A. Croteau, A. Proulx, R. Vallee, Microstructured fiber splicing. Opt. Express 11(25), 3412–3417 (2003)
K. Borzycki, J. Kobelke, K. Schuster, J. Wójcik, Arc fusion splicing of photonic crystal fibers to standard single mode fibers, in Proceedings of SPIE (2010), pp. 7714–7738
A. Yablon, Optical Fiber Fusion Splicing (Springer, Berlin, 2005)
L. Xiao, M.S. Demokan, W. Jin, Y. Wang, Ch-L Zhao, Fusion splicing photonic crystal fibers and conventional single-mode fibers: microhole collapse effect. J. Lightwave Technol. 25(11), 3563–3574 (2007)
R. Thapa, K. Knabe, K.L. Corwin, B.R. Washburn, Arc fusion splicing of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers for gas-filled fiber cells. Opt. Express 14(21), 9576–9583 (2006)
Y. Wang, H. Bartelt, S. Brueckner, J. Kobelke, M. Rothhardt, K. Mörl, W. Ecke, R. Willsch, Splicing Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers using commercial fusion splicer with default discharge parameters. Opt. Express 16(10), 7258–7263 (2008)
T. Hamada, R. Suzuki, K. Takenaga, N. Guan, S. Matsuo, K. Himeno, Arc-fusion splicing techniques for holey fibers. Fujikura Tech. Rev. 35, 5–9 (2006)
K. Borzycki, J. Kobelke, P. Mergo, K. Schuster, Challenges in characterization of photonic crystal fibers, in Proceedings of SPIE (2011), pp. 8073B–80107
ITU-T Recommendation G.650.1, Definitions and test methods for linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre and cable (2010)
K. Borzycki, J. Kobelke, K. Schuster, J. Wójcik, Optical, thermal and mechanical characterization of photonic crystal fibers: results and comparisons, in Proceedings of SPIE (2010), pp. 7714–7731
K. Borzycki, J. Kobelke, P. Mergo, K. Schuster, Characterization of photonic crystal fibers with OTDR, in Proceedings of ICTON-2011, We.B4.5 (2011)
v-OTDR Very High Resolution Time Domain Reflectometer. Luciol Instruments SA (2009)
LOR-200 High Resolution Time Domain Reflectometer, Luciol Instruments SA (2012)
M.A.R. Franco, V.A. Serrao, T.R. Pitarello, A.S. Cerqueira Jr., Hybrid photonic crystal fiber sensing of high hydrostatic pressure, in Proceedings of SPIE (2011), p. 775346
K. Schuster, J. Kobelke, S. Grimm, A. Schwuchow, J. Kirchhof, H. Bartelt, A. Gebhardt, P. Leproux, V. Couderc, W. Urbanczyk, Microstructured fibers with highly nonlinear materials. Opt. Quant. Electron. 39, 1057–1069 (2007)
T. Martynkien, P. Mergo, W. Urbańczyk, Sensitivity of birefringent microstructured polymer optical fiber to hydrostatic pressure. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(16), 1562–1565 (2013)
P. Lesiak, T. Woliński, Simultaneous twist and longitudinal strain effects on polarization mode dispersion in highly birefringent fibers. Opto-Electron. Rev. 13(2), 183–186 (2005)
T. Martynkien, M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz-Barabach, J. Olszewski, A. Anuszkiewicz, W. Urbanczyk, K. Schuster, J. Kobelke, Birefringence in microstructure fiber with elliptical GeO2 highly doped inclusion in the core. Opt. Lett. 33(23), 2764–2766 (2008)
K. Borzycki, K. Schuster, Characterization and fusion splicing of single-mode photonic crystal fibers, in Proceedings of CAOL-2013 (Sudak, Crimea, Ukraine, 9–13 Sept 2013), pp. 31–34
J. Zhou, K. Tajima, K. Nakajima, K. Kurokawa, K. Matsui, C. Fukai, I. Sankawa, PMD Suppression method for photonic crystal fiber, in Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC, OTuA6, vol. 2 (2005)
L. Thevenaz, J.-P. Pellaux, J.-P. von der Veid, All-fiber interferometer for chromatic dispersion measurements. J. Lightw. Technol. 6(1), 1–7 (1988)
S.A. Diddams, J.-C. Diels, Dispersion measurements with white-light interferometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13(6), 1120–1129 (1996)
P. Peterka, J. Kanka, P. Honzátko, D. Káčik, Measurement of chromatic dispersion of microstructure optical fibers using interferometric method. Optica Applicata 38(2), 295–303 (2008)
P. Hlubina, M. Kadulova, P. Mergo, Chromatic dispersion measurement of holey fibres using a supercontinuum source and a dispersion balanced interferometer. Opt. Lasers Eng. 51(4), 421–425 (2013)
P. Hlubina, M. Szpulak, D. Ciprian, Measurement of the group dispersion of the fundamental mode of holey fiber by white-light spectral interferometry. Opt. Express 15(18), 11073–11081 (2007)
D. Hoh, R. Spittel, M. Jäger, H. Bartelt, Chromatic dispersion measurement of microstructured optical fibers for nonlinear applications, in Proceedings of DGaO, 113, A36 (2012)
Acknowledgements
Research work at NIT presented in this paper was carried out within COST Action 299 “FIDES” and financially supported by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education as special research project COST/39/2007.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Borzycki, K., Schuster, K. (2016). Characterization of Photonic Crystal Fibers: Selected Methods and Experience. In: Shulika, O., Sukhoivanov, I. (eds) Contemporary Optoelectronics. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 199. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7315-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7315-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-7314-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-7315-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)