Skip to main content

Bareroot Seedling Culture

  • Chapter
Forest Regeneration Manual

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 36))

Abstract

The attributes of the ideal seedling (ideotype) depend on whether the regeneration forester is concerned with short-term or long-term reforestation goals. Once the regeneration forester specifies the ideotype, the nursery manager can proceed to convert seeds into as many seedlings of the desired ideotype as feasible. This Chapter reviews some of the practices nursery managers use to modify roots and shoots so the seedlings produced will match the desired ideotype. Major considerations necessary to produce quality seedlings include seed stratification, sowing density, sowing date, fertilization, and pruning. Emphasis is placed on the time of seedling emergence, which greatly affects mortality, development, and uniformity of the seedling crop.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ardalan, S. A., and A. E. Hassan. 1982. Automatic feeding and sorting of bare root seedlings. Trans. ASAE 25:266–270.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Armson, K. A. 1978. Roots of the new forest. Pages 325–328 In Proc. Root Form of Planted Trees Symposium (E. Van Eerden and J. M. Kinghorn, eds). Victoria, B. C.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Arnold, I. 1956. Drill vs. broadcast sowing. Tree Planters’ Notes 26:5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Autry, L. L. 1972. The residual effects of nursery fertilization and seed bed density levels on the growth of 12-, 14-, and 16-year old loblolly pine stands. M.S. thesis, MississippiState Univ., Starkville. 59 p.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Auten, J. T. 1945. Response of shortleaf and pitch pines to soil amendments and fertilizers in newly established nurseries in the Central States. J. Agric. Res. 70:405–426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bacon, C. G., and D. B. South. 1989. Chemicals for control of common insect and mite pests in southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. Forestry 13:112–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bacon, G. J., P. J. Hawkins, and D. Jermyn. 1977. Morphological grading studies with 1–0 slash pine seedlings. Aust. Forestry 40(4):293–303.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bailey, R. L. 1986. Rotation age and establishment density for planted slash and loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. Forestry 10:162–168.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baker, K. A., D. A. Idem, and J. G. Mexal. 1979. The effects of seedling morphology and planting date on survival and early growth of loblolly pine in the Oklahoma region. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 042–2008/79/35. 10 p.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Balneaves, J. M. 1983. Effect of precision sowing on growth of Pinus radiata seedlings at Edendale Nursery. N. Z. J. Forestry 28(1):93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Barden, C. J. 1987. Root growth potential and outplanting performance of loblolly pine seedlings raised at two nurseries. M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg. 124 p.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Barnard, E. L., C. A. Hollis, and W. L. Pritchett. 1981. A comparative evaluation of seedling quality in commercial forest nurseries in Florida. Pages 34–41 In Proc. 1980 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Barnett, J. P. 1981. Ethylene absorbent increases storability of loblolly pine seedlings. Pages 86–88 In Proc. 1980 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Barnett, J. P. 1982. Relating field performance of containerized longleaf and shortleaf pine seedlings to mycorrhizal inoculation and initial size. Pages 358–367 In Proc. 7th North American Forest Biology Workshop (B. A. Thielges, ed.). Univ. of Kentucky, Dep. of Forestry, Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Barnett, J. P. 1986. Techniques for improving performance of southern pine seed in nurseries. Pages 102–112 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Barnett, J. P., J. C. Brissette, and W. C. Carlson. 1986. Artificial regeneration of shortleaf pine. Pages 64–88 In Proc. Symposium on the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem (P. A. Murphy, ed.). Arkansas Cooperative Extension Serv., Monticello.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Barnett, J. P., J. C. Brissette, A. G. Kais, and J. P. Jones. 1988. Improving field performance of southern pine seedlings by treating with fungicides before storage. South. J. Appl. Forestry 12:281–285.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Barnett, J. P., T. E. Campbell, and P. M. Dougherty. 1984. Seedling establishment – artificial methods. Pages 109–125 In Proc. Symposium on the Loblolly Pine Ecosystem (West Region) (B. L. Karr, J. B. Baker, and T. Monaghan eds.). Mississippi Cooperative Extension Serv., Mississippi State.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Barton, L. V. 1928. Hastening the germination of southern pine seeds. J. Forestry 26:774–785.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Beineke, W. F., and T. O. Perry. 1965. Genetic variation in ability to withstand transplanting shock. Pages 106–109 In Proc. 8th Southern Conference on Forest Tree Improvement. Savannah, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Benzian, B., R. M. Brown, and S. C. R. Freeman. 1974. Effect of late-season top-dressings of N (and K) applied to conifer transplants in the nursery on their survival and growth on British forest sites. Forestry 47:153–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bilan, M. W., and E. R. Ferguson. 1986. Root regeneration in out-planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Pages 329–341 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Blair, R., and F. Cech. 1974. Morphological seedling grades compared after thirteen growing seasons. Tree Planters’ Notes 25(1):5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Blake, J. I. 1987. The impact of seedling diameter and root mass on the performance of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) and associated conifers and their economic significance in regeneration management. Unpubl. manuscript, School of Forestry, Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bowling, D. 1987. Twenty-year slash pine spacing study: what to optimize? Pages 300–304 In Proc. 4th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference (D. R. Phillips, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N. C. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Boyce, J. S. 1948. Forest Pathology. McGraw-Hill, New York. 550 p.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Boyer, J. N., S. E. Duba, and D. B. South. 1987. Emergence timing affects root-collar diameter and mortality in loblolly pine seedbeds. New Forests 1:135–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Boyer, J. N., and D. B. South. 1984. Forest nursery practices in the South. South. J. Appl. Forestry 8:67–75.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Boyer, J. N., and D. B. South. 1987a. Excessive seedling height, high shoot-to-root ratio, and benomyl root dip reduce survival of stored loblolly pine seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes 38(4):19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Boyer, J. N., and D. B. South. 1987b. The influence of seedbed density on loblolly and slash pine seedling grade distributions. Pages 189–197 In Proc. 4th Biennial Southern Silvilcultural Research Conference (D. R. Phillips, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Boyer, J. N., and D. B. South. 1988. Loblolly pine seedling morphology and production at 53 southern nurseries. Tree Planters’ Notes 39(3):13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Boyer, J. N., and D. B. South. 1989a. Date of sowing and emergence timing affect growth and development of loblolly pine seedlings. New Forests 3:13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Boyer, J. N., and D. B. South. 1989b. Seasonal changes in intensity of bud dormancy in loblolly pine seedlings. Tree Physiol, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Boyer, J. N., D. B. South, C. A. Müller, and H. Vanderveer. 1985a. A comparison of nursery sowers. Tree Planters’ Notes 26(3):20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Boyer, J. N., D. B. South, C. Müller, H. Vanderveer, W. Chapman, and W. Rayfield. 1985b. Speed of germination affects diameter at lifting of nursery-grown loblolly pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. Forestry 9:243–247.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Brissette, J. C., and J. P. Barnett. 1987. Relating nursery to field performance of shortleaf pine seedlings. Pages 180–186 In Proc. 1986 Southern Forest Nursery Ass. (R. A. Schroeder, ed.). Pensacola, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Brissette, J. C., and W. C. Carlson. 1987. Effects of nursery density on shortleaf pine. Pages 36–41 In Proc. Intermoun-tain Forest Nursery Assoc. (T. D. Landis, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-151.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Brissette, J. C., and C. W. Lantz. 1983. Seedling quality. Pages 303–305 In Proc. 1982 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Publ. R8-TP4.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Brissette, J. C., and R. C. Roberts. 1984. Seedling size and lifting date effects on root growth potential of loblolly pine from two Arkansas nurseries. Tree Planters’ Notes 35(1):34–38.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Brissette, J. C., F. Vande Linde, and J. P. Barnett. 1983. Producing, storing, and handling quality slash pine seedlings. Pages 150–164 In Proc. The Managed Slash Pine Ecosystem (E. L. Stone, ed.). School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bryan, M. B. 1954. Some effects of winter applications of inorganic fertilizers to pine seedlings in the nursery. M.S. thesis, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. 70 p.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Burns, R. M., and R. H. Brendemuehl. 1971. Nursery bed density affects slash pine seedling grade and grade indicates field performance. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Res. Pap. SE-77. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Cannell, M. G. R. 1986. Physiology of southern pine seedlings. Pages 251–274 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Carlson, W. C. 1985. Effects of natural chilling and cold storage on budbreak and root growth potential of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Can. J. Forest Res. 15:651–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Carlson, W. C. 1986. Root system considerations in the quality of loblolly pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. Forestry 10:87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Carlson, W. C., J. G. Anthony, and R. P. Plyler. 1987. Polymeric nursery bed stabilization to reduce seed losses in forest nurseries. South. J. Appl. Forestry 11:116–119.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Caulfield, J. P., D. B. South, and J. N. Boyer. 1987. Nursery seedbed density is determined by short-term or long-term objectives. South. J. Appl. Forestry 11:152–157.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Clark, B. F., and R. E. Phares. 1961. Graded stock means greater yields for shortleaf pine. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Central States Forest Exp. Sta. Tech. Pap. 181. 5 p.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Cleary, B. D., R. D. Greaves, and P. W. Owston. 1978. Seedlings. Pages 63–97 In Regenerating Oregon’s Forests (B. D. Cleary, R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann, eds.). Oregon State Univ. Extension Serv., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Colombo, S. J., and K. D. Odium. 1987. Efficacy of six anti transpirants on black spruce container seedlings. New Forests 3:239–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Daniels, T. G. 1978. The effect of winter plant moisture stress on survival and growth of 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 86 p.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Danielson, R. M., and C. B. Davey. 1969. Microbial colonization of a fumigated nursery soil. Forest Sci. 15:368–380.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Derr, H. J. 1955. Seedbed density affects longleaf pine survival and growth. Tree Planters’ Notes 20:28–29.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dierauf, T. A. 1973. Loblolly pine seedlings grade, growth and survival. Virginia Division of Forestry, Charlottesville. Occasional Rep. 40. 6 p.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Dierauf, T. A. 1976. Top clipping in the nursery bed. Pages 37–43 In Proc. 1976 Southeastern Area Nurserymen’s Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Doraville, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Dierauf, T. A. 1987. Personal communication, Virginia Dep. of Forestry, Charlottesville.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Dierauf, T. A., and L. J. Apgar. 1988. A two year study comparing five sowing depths for loblolly pine seed. Virginia Dep. of Forestry, Charlottesville. Occasional Rep. 73. 9 p.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Dierauf, T. A., and L. C. Edwards. 1985. A three-year study of immersing stored loblolly pine seedlings in water before planting. Virginia Division of Forestry, Charlottesville. Occasional Rep. 66. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Dierauf, T. A., and J. W. Garner. 1978. Root pruning loblolly pine seedlings effect on survival and growth. Virginia Division of Forestry, Charlottesville. Occasional Rep. 52. 4 p.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Dierauf, T. A., and R. L. Marler. 1971. Effect of exposure, clay treatment, and storage on survival and growth of loblolly pine seedlings. Virginia Division of Forestry, Charlottesville. Occasional Rep. 34. 10 p.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dixon, W. N., and J. L. Foltz. 1984. Integrated pest management in nurseries - insects and mites. Pages 226–237 In Proc. Integrated Forest Pest Management Symposium (S. J. Branham and G. D. Hertel, eds.). Univ. of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Donald, D. G. M. 1983. Plant characteristics affecting survival and early growth. Medeleling, Fakulteit Bosbou, Universiteit Stellenbosch. 98(I):246–268.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Donald, D. G. M. 1986. South African nursery practice -the state of the art. Pages 25–47 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Donald, D. G. M., and I. Young. 1982. The growth of pine seedlings in South African forest nurseries. South African Forestry J. 123:36–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Dougherty, P. 1987. Personal communication, Univ. of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dunlap, J. R., and J. P. Barnett. 1983. Influence of seed size on germination and early development of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) germinants. Can. J. Forest Res. 13:40–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Dunlap, J. R., and J. P. Barnett. 1984. Manipulating loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seed germination with simulated moisture and temperature stress. Pages 61–74 In Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success (M. L. Duryea and G. N. Brown, eds.). Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, Mass.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  68. Duryea, M. L. 1987. Shoot and root pruning at southern nurseries. Pages 114–120 In Proc. 1986 Southern Forest Nursery Assoc. (R.A. Schroeder, ed.). Pensacola, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ekwebelam, S. A., and C. P. P. Reid. 1984. Effect of light, nitrogen fertilization, and mycorrhizal fungi on growth and photosynthesis of lodgepole pine seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res. 13:1099–1106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Fancher, G. A., J. G. Mexal, and F. B. Widmoyer. 1986. Planting and handling conifer seedlings in New Mexico. New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. CES Cire. 526. 10 p.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Feret, P. P., R. C. Freyman, and R. E. Kreh. 1986. Variation in root growth potential of loblolly pine from seven nurseries. Pages 317–328 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Feret, P. P., R. E. Kreh, and L. E. DeWald. 1985a. Root growth potential - one tool for measuring loblolly pine seedling quality. Pages 129–137 In Proc. 1984 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Feret, P. P., R. E. Kreh, and C. Mulligan. 1985b. Effects of air drying on survival, height, and root growth potential of loblolly pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. Forestry 9:125–128.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fisher, J. T., and J. G. Mexal. 1984. Nutrient management: a physiological basis for yield improvement. Pages 271–299 In Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success (M. L. Duryea and G. N. Brown, eds.). Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, Mass.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  75. Forest Research Institute. 1981. Precision seed sowing becomes a reality. N. Z. Forest Serv., Forest Res. Institute, Rotarua. What’s New in Forest Res. No. 96. 4 p.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Garber, M. P., and J. G. Mexal. 1980. Lift and store practices: their impact on successful establishment of southern pine plantations. N. Z. J. Forestry Sci. 10:72–82.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Gibson, I. A. S. 1956. Sowing density and damping-off in pine seedlings. The East African Agric. J. 21:183–188.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Gill, J. J. 1979. Use of the growth retardant “Maintain” by Georgia Kraft Company. Pages 69–77 In Proc. 1978 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Publ. SA-TP6.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Gilmore, A. R. 1965. The apparent source of a root growth stimulus in loblolly pine seedlings. Illinois Agric. Exp. Sta., Urbana. Forestry Note 112. 4 p.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gilmore, A. R., and L. H. Kahler. 1965. Fertilizers and organic additives in pine nursery seedbeds: effects on field survival, field growth, and chemical content of foliage. Tree Planters’ Notes 73:21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Glerum, C., and J. G. Boufford. 1979. A comparison between top-root ratio determinations by oven-dry weight and volume displacement. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Forest Res. Note 22. 4 p.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Grigsby, H. C. 1971. Nursery morphology of loblolly pines as an indicator of field performance. Pages 148–153 In Proc. 11th Conference on Southern Forest Tree Improvement.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Hallgren, S. W., and C. G. Tauer. 1988. Effects of lift date, storage and family on early survival and root growth potential of shortleaf pine. Pages 87–92 In Proc. Intermoun-tain Forest Nursery Assoc. (T. D. Landis, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-151.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Hamm, M. F. 1986. Unpublished data, Tenneco, Counce, Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hansbrough, T., and J. P. Hollis. 1959. The effect of soil fumigation on the growth and yield of loblolly pine seedlings in the nursery. Tree Planters’ Notes 37:13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hanson, P. J., R. E. Dickson, J. G. Isebrands, T. R. Crow, and R. K. Dixon. 1986. A morphological index of Quercus seedling ontogeny for use in studies of physiology and growth. Tree Physiol. 2:273–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Harms, W. R., and O. G. Langdon. 1977. Competition-density effects in a loblolly pine seedling stand. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Res. Pap. SE-161. 8 p.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hartley, C. 1918. Stem lesions caused by excessive heat. J. Agric. Res. 14:595–604.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hassan, A. E. 1983. Nursery equipment development for automatic feeding of bare root seedlings. Pages 246–266 In Proc. 1982 Southern Nursery Conferences (J. Brissette and C. Lantz, eds.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Publ. R8-TP4.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Hatchell, G. E. 1986. Nursery cultural practices affect field performance of longleaf pine. Pages 148–156 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hatchell, G. E. 1987. Nursery cultural practices, seedling morphology, and field performance of longleaf pine. Pages 61–66 In Proc. 4th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hatchell, G. E., and D. H. Marx. 1987. Response of longleaf, sand, and loblolly pines to Pisolithus ectomycor-rhizae and fertilizer on a sandhills site in South Carolina. Forest Sci. 33:301–315.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Hellmers, H. 1962. Temperature effect on optimum tree growth. Pages 275–287 In Tree Growth (T. T. Kozlowski ed.). Ronald Press Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hellmers, H., and D. A. Rook. 1973. Air temperature and growth of radiata pine seedlings. N. Z. J. Forestry Sci. 3(3):271–285.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hinesley, L. E., and T. E. Maki. 1980. Fall fertilization helps longleaf pine nursery stock. South. J. Appl. Forestry 4:132–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hodgson, T. J. 1977. Preliminary investigations on the manipulation of pine seedling growth and development. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa. 193 p.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Hunt, E. V., Jr., and G. Gilmore. 1967. Taller loblolly pine seedlings grow faster in a Texas plantation. Tree Planters’ Notes 18(2):25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Johnson, J. D. 1983. Ethylene accumulation during cold storage of pine seedlings: is it a problem? Pages 224–231 In Proc. 1982 Southern Nursery Conferences (J. C. Brissette and C. W. Lantz, eds.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Publ. R8-TP4.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Johnson, J. D., and J. P. Barnett. 1985. Loblolly pine seedlings vigor based on bud development. Pages 138–144 In Proc. 1984 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Jones, E. P. 1971. Season of sowing for direct seedling slash pine in the middle and upper coastal plains of Georgia. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Res. Pap. SE-151. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Kais, A. G., C. E. Cordell, and C. E. Affeltranger. 1986. Benomyl root treatment controls brown-spot disease on longleaf pine in the southern United States. Forest Sci. 32:506–511.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Kais, A. G., G. A. Snow, and D. H. Marx. 1981. The effects of benomyl and Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae on survival and growth of longleaf pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. Forestry 5(4):189–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Karrfalt, R. P. 1989. Stratification of longleaf pine. Pages 46–49 In Proc. 1988 Southern Forest Nursery Association (R. Hagwood, ed.). South. Forest Nursery Assoc., Charleston, S.C.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Kelley, W. D. 1985. An improved method for treating pine seeds with Bayleton. Pages 89–90 In Proc. 1984 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kelley, W. D., and J. C. Williams. 1984. Effects of two systemic fungicides as seed dressings on fusiform rust of loblolly pine seedlings. Phytopathology 74:802–803.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Kormanik, P. P. 1988. Personal communication, U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Athens, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kormanik, P. P., and J. L. Ruehle. 1987. Lateral root development may define nursery seedling quality. Pages 225–229 In Proc. 4th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference (D. R. Phillips, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, La. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Kranzler, G. A., and M. P. Rigney. 1988. Grading pine seedlings with machine vision. Pages 100–104 In Proc. Intermountain Forest Nursery Assoc. (T. D. Landis, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-151.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Lang, G. A., J. D. Early, R. L. Darnell, and G. C. Martin 1987. Endo-, para-, and ecodormance: physiological terminology and classification for dormancy release. HortScience 22:372–377.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Langdon, O. G. 1954. Skillful lifting technique increases seedling survival. Tree Planters’ Notes 18:23–24.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Larsen, H. S., D. B. South, and J. N. Boyer. 1986. Root growth potential, seedling morphology and bud dormancy correlate with survival of loblolly pine seedlings planted in December in Alabama. Tree Physiol. 1:253–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Larsen, H. S., D. B. South, and J. N. Boyer. 1988. Foliar nitrogen content at planting correlates with early growth of loblolly pine seedlings from 20 nurseries. South. J. Appl. Forestry 12:181–185.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Larsen, H. S., D. B. South, H. M. Williams and J. N. Boyer. 1989. Survival and early growth of loblolly pine seedlings from six nurseries. In Proc. 4th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference (J. H. Miller, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, La. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  114. Larson, P. R., and J. G. Isebrands. 1971. The plastochron index as applied to developmental studies of cotton wood. Can. J. Forest Res. 1:1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Lauer, D. K. 1987. Seedling size influences early growth of longleaf pine. Tree Planters’ Notes 38(3):16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ledig, F. T., F. H. Bormann, and K. F. Wenger. 1970. The distribution of dry matter growth between shoot and roots in loblolly pine. Bot. Gaz. 131:349–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. MacKinney, A. L., and W. E. McQuilkin. 1938. Methods of stratification for loblolly pine seeds. J. Forestry 36:1123–1127.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Maki, T. E., and H. Marshall. 1945. Effects of soaking with indolebutyric acid on root development and survival of tree seedlings. Bot. Gaz. 107:268–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Marx, D. H., and W. Bell. 1985. Formation of Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings with spore pellet inoculum applied at different times. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Res. Pap. SE-249. 6 p.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Marx, D. H., W. C. Bryan, and C. E. Cordell. 1977. Survival and growth of pine seedlings with Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae after two years on reforestation sites in North Carolina and Florida. Forest Sci. 23:363–373.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Marx, D. H., and C. E. Cordell. 1986. Bayleton (triadimefon) affects ectomycorrhizal development on slash and loblolly pine seedlings in nurseries. Pages 460–475 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Marx, D. H., C. E. Cordell, and A. Clark III. 1988. Eight-year performance of loblolly pine with Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae on a good-quality site. South. J. Appl. Forestry 12:275–280.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Marx, D. H., C. E. Cordell, D. S. Kenney, J. G. Mexal, J. D. Artman, J. W. Riffle, and R. J. Molina. 1984. Commercial vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorrhizae on bare-root tree seedlings. Forest Sci. Monogr. No. 25. 101 p.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Marx, D. H., and G. E. Hatchell. 1986. Root stripping of ectomycorrhizae decreases field performance of loblolly and longleaf pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. Forestry 10:173–179.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Marx, D. H., A. Hedin, and S. F. P. Toe. 1985. Field performance of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis seedlings with specific ectomycorrhizae and fertilizer after three years on a savanna site in Liberia. Forest Ecol. Manage. 13:1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Marx, D. H., J. G. Mexal, and W. G. Morris. 1979. Inoculation of nursery seedbeds with Pisolithus tinctorius spores mixed with hydromulch increases ectomycorrhizae and growth of loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. Forestry 3:175–178.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Marx, D. H., W. G. Morris, and J. G. Mexal. 1978. Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of loblolly pine seedlings in fumigated and nonfumigated soil infested with different fungal symbionts. Forest Sci. 24:193–203.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Mattoon, W. R. 1940. Slash pine. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. U.S.D.A. Farmers’ Bull. No. 1256 (rev.). 57 p.

    Google Scholar 

  129. May, J. T. 1933. Effects of density of stocking on the growth and development of longleaf, loblolly and slash pine seedlings. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Georgia, Athens. 52 p.

    Google Scholar 

  130. May, J. T. 1985. Seedling quality, grading, culling and counting. Pages 9–1 – 9–10 In Southern Pine Nursery Handbook (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southern Region, Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  131. May, J. T., H. H. Johnson, and C. S. Walsh. 1961. Growth of pine seedlings in relation to soil moisture in nursery seedbeds. Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon. Georgia Forest Res. Pap. No. 5. 6 p.

    Google Scholar 

  132. McKeand, S. E. 1981. Loblolly pine tissue culture: present and future uses in southern forestry. School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. Tech. Rep. No. 64. 50 p.

    Google Scholar 

  133. McLemore, B. F., and F. J. Czabator. 1961. Length of stratification and germination of loblolly pine seed. J. Forestry 59:267–269.

    Google Scholar 

  134. McLendon, B. D., and J. M. Allison. 1986. Field evaluation of pine seedling counter. American Society of Agric. Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich. Pap. No. 86–1094. 11 p.

    Google Scholar 

  135. McNabb, K. L. 1985. The relationship of carbohydrate reserves to the quality of bare-root Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (Engelm.) seedlings produced in a northern Florida nursery. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. 147 p.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Mexal, J. G. 1980a. Growth of loblolly pine seedlings. I. Morphological variability related to day of emergence. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Forest Res. Tech. Rep. 042–2008/6. 26 p.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Mexal, J. G. 1980b. Aspects of mycorrhizal inoculation in relation to reforestation. N. Z. J. Forest Sci. 10:208–217.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Mexal, J. G. 1981. Seedling bed density influences seedling yield and performance. Pages 89–95 In Proc. 1980 Southern Nursery Conference (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Pub. SA-TP17.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Mexal, J. G. 1982a. Growth of loblolly pine seedlings. II. Early sowing improves nursery yield. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 050–1422/3. 10 p.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Mexal, J. G. 1982b. Growth of loblolly pine seedlings. III. Response to competition and root pruning. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 050–1422/4. 24 p.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Mexal, J. G. 1984. Integrated pest management in southern pine nurseries. Pages 267–279 In Proc. Integrated Forest Pest Management Symposium (S. J. Branham and G. D. Hertel, eds.). Univ. of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Mexal, J. G. 1982. Unpublished data, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Mexal, J. G., and S. Burton. 1978. Root development of planted loblolly pine seedlings. Pages 85–90 In Proc. Root Form of Planted Trees Symposium (E. V. Eerdem and J. M. Kinghorn, eds.). Victoria, B. C.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Mexal, J. G., and P. M. Dougherty. 1983. Growth of loblolly pine seedlings. IV. Performance in a simulated drought environment. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 050–1422/6. 26 p.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Mexal, J. G., and J. R. Dunlap. 1982. First-year survival and shoot growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): influence of lift date, time in storage and seed source. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 050–1422/5. 20 p.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Mexal, J. G., and J. T. Fisher. 1985. Pruning loblolly pine seedlings. Pages 75–83 In Proc. 1984 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Mexal, J. G., and J. T. Fisher. 1987. Size hierarchy in conifer seedbeds. I. Time of emergence. New Forests 1:187–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Miller, A. E. 1987. Personal communication, Clemson Univ., Clemson, S.C.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Mitchell, R. J., B. R. Zutter, and D. B. South. 1988. Interaction between weed control and loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, seedling quality. Weed Technol. 2:191–195.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Morris, W. G., and M. S. Greenwood. 1977. Control of nursery seedling growth and development: controlled water stress versus wrenching. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 041–2009/77/3. 4 p.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Nambiar, E. K. S., G. D. Bowen, and R. Sands. 1979. Root regeneration and plant water status of Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings transplanted to different soil temperatures. J. Exp. Bot. 30:1119–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Nebgen, R. J., and J. F. Meyer. 1986. Seed bed density, undercutting, and lateral root pruning effects on loblolly seedling morphology, field survival, and growth. Pages 136–147 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. South, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Paul, J. T. 1966. The influence of transpiration suppressants on slash pine seedlings. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Georgia, Athens. 144 p.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Pharis, R. P., and P. J. Kramer. 1964. The effect of nitrogen and drought on loblolly pine seedlings. Forest Sci. 10:143–150.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Plank, D. K. 1939. Root response of slash pine seedlings to indolebutyric acid. J. Forestry 37:497–498.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Plass, W. T. 1974. Factors affecting the establishment of direct-seeded pine on surface-mine spoils. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Northeast. Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-290. 5 p.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Racy, G. D., C. Glerum, and R. E. Hutchison. 1983. The practicality of top-root ratio in nursery stock characterization. Forestry Chron. 59(4):240–243.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Raj, D. 1968. Sampling Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York. 302 p.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Reineke, L. H. 1942. Effect of stocking and seed on nursery development of eastern white pine seedlings. J. Forestry 40:577–578.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Retzlaff, W. A. 1984. Effect of soil moisture on Pinus taeda L. seedling morphology. M.S. thesis, Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala. 99 p.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Retzlaff, W. A., and D. B. South. 1985. High soil moisture level in the nursery can adversely affect loblolly pine seedling morphology. Pages 158–167 In Proc. Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Ritchie, G. A., and J. R. Dunlap. 1980. Root growth potential: its development and expression in forest tree seedlings. N.Z.J. Forestry Sci. 10(1):218–248.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Romero, A. E., J. Ryder, J. T. Fisher, and J. G. Mexal. 1986. Root system modification of container stock for arid land plantings. Forest Ecol. Manage. 16:281–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Rowan, S. J. 1980. Planting depth and seedbed mulch affect germination of slash pine seeds. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Res. Note SE-292. 3 p.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Rowan, S. J. 1983. Loss of feeder roots lowers seedling survival more than severe black root rot. Tree Planters’ Notes 34(1):18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Rowan, S. J. 1986. Seedbed density affects performance of slash and loblolly pine in Georgia. Pages 126–135 In International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines (D. B. south, ed.). Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Rowan, S. J. 1987. Nursery seedling quality affects growth and survival in outplantings. Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon. Georgia Forest Res. Pap. No. 70. 15 p.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Rowan, S. J. 1989. Vapor-gard affects survival and growth of outplanted pine seedlings. Pages 27–32 In Proc. 1988 Southern Forest Nursery Assoc. (R. Hagwood, ed.). Charleston, S.C.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Rowan, S. J., and D. H. Marx. 1989. Unpublished data, U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Athens, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Ruehle, J. L., D. H. Marx, J. P. Barnett, and W. H. Pawuk. 1981. Survival and growth of container-grown and bare-root shortleaf pine seedlings with Pisolithus and Thelephora ectomycorrhizae. South. J. Appl. Forestry 5:20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Satoo, T. (Edited and revised by H. A. I. Madgwick.) 1982. Forest Biomass. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publisher, The Hague, The Netherlands. 152 p.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Scarbrough, N. M., and R. M. Allen. 1954. Better longleaf seedlings from low-density nursery beds. Tree Planters’ Notes 18:29–30.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Schubert, G. H., and R. S. Adams. 1971. Reforestation practices for conifers in California. California Dep. of Conservation, Division of Forestry, Sacramento. 359 p.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Seiler, J. R., and J. D. Johnson. 1985. Moisture stress conditioning of containerized loblolly pine. Pages 60–65 In Proc. 1984 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Seymour, C. P., and C. E. Cordell. 1979. Control of charcoal root rot with methyl bromide in forest nurseries. South. J. Appl. Forestry 3(3):104–108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Shipman, R. D. 1958. Planting pine in the Carolina sandhills. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Pap. 96. 43 p.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Shipman, R. D. 1964. Low seedbed densities can improve early height growth of planted slash and loblolly pine seedlings. J. Forestry 62:814–817.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Shoulders, E. 1961. Effect of nursery bed density on loblolly and slash pine seedlings. J. Forestry 59:576–579.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Shoulders, E., and J. R. Jorgensen. 1969. Mycorrhizae increase field survival of planted loblolly pine. Tree Planters’ Notes 20(1):14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Simpson, D. G. 1984. Filmforming antitranspirants: their effect on root growth capacity, storability, moisture stress avoidance, and field performance of containerized conifer seedlings. Forestry Chron. 60:335–339.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Slocum, G. K., and T. E. Maki. 1956. Exposure of loblolly pine planting stock. J. Forestry 54:313–315.

    Google Scholar 

  182. South, D. B. 1984. Integrated pest management in nurseries-vegetation. Pages 247–265 In Proc. of the Integrated Forest Pest Management Symposium. Univ. of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  183. South, D. B. 1986a. Economic aspects of nursery seed efficiency. South. J. Appl. Forestry 10:106–109.

    Google Scholar 

  184. South, D. B. 1986b. Herbicides for southern pine seedbeds. South. J. Appl. Forestry 10:152–157.

    Google Scholar 

  185. South, D. B. 1987a. A re-evaluation of Wakeley’s “critical tests” of morphological grades of southern pine nursery stock. South African Forestry J. 142:56–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. South, D. B. 1987b. Sulfometuron-methyl increased ectomycorrhizae at two loblolly pine nurseries in Arkansas. Page 181 In Proc. 40th Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society (A. D. Worsham, ed.). South. Weed Sci. Society, Champaign, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  187. South, D. B. 1988. Nursery management affects the efficiency of a tree improvement program. Pages 203–209 In Proc. WGFTIP Tree Improvement Short Course (W. J. Lowe, ed.). Texas Forest Serv., Western Gulf Forest Tree Improvment Program, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  188. South, D. B., J. N. Boyer, and L. Bosch. 1985. Survival and growth of loblolly pine as influenced by seedling grade: 13-year results. South. J. Appl. Forestry 9(2):76–81.

    Google Scholar 

  189. South, D. B., C. W. Brewer, H. S. Larsen, W. D. Kelley, and J. N. Boyer. 1984. 1983–84 annual report: Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala. 102 p.

    Google Scholar 

  190. South, D. B., and H. S. Larsen. 1985. Seed efficiency in southern pine nurseries. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Highlights of Agric. Res. 33(2):5.

    Google Scholar 

  191. South, D. B., and J. G. Mexal. 1983. Effects of bifenox and oxyfluorfen on emergence and mortality of loblolly seedlings grown under growth chamber conditions. Pages 418–426 In Proc. 2nd Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference (E.P. Jones, Jr., ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N.C. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-24.

    Google Scholar 

  192. South, D. B., and J. G. Mexal. 1984. Growing the “best” seedling for reforestation success. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Ala. 11 p. Forestry Departmental Series No. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  193. South, D. B., J. G. Mexal, and J. P. van Buijtenen. 1989. The relationship between seedling diameter at planting and long-term growth of loblolly pine seedlings in east Texas. In Proc. 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop. Vancouver, B.C.

    Google Scholar 

  194. South, D. B., R. J. Mitchell, R. K. Dixon, and M. S. Vedder. 1988. New ground syndrome – an ectomycorrhizal deficiency in pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. Forestry 12:234–239.

    Google Scholar 

  195. South, D. B., and H. M. Williams. 1988. Should fall irrigation be applied at nurseries located on sands? South. J. Appl. Forestry 12:273–274.

    Google Scholar 

  196. South, D. B., H. M. Williams, and J. N. Boyer. 1987. Unpublished data, Auburn Univ., Auburn, Alabama.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Stanley, H. 1987. Top pruning. Pages 130–135 In Proc. 1986 Southern Forest Nursery Ass. (R. A. Schroeder, ed.). Pensacola, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Sterling, E. A. 1906. How to grow young trees for forest planting. Pages 183–192 In Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Stone, E. C. 1955. Poor survival and the physiological condition of planting stock. Forest Sci. 1:90–94.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Stange, C. M., and C. R. Venator. 1985. Testing superabsorbent treatments for loblolly pine seedlings. Pages 174–177 In 1984 Proc. Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Stransky, J. J., and D. R. Wilson. 1964. Terminal elongation of loblolly and shortleaf pine seedlings under soil moisture stress. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28:439–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Stransky, J. J., and D. R. Wilson. 1967. Soil moisture and texture affect root and shoot weights of transplanted pine seedlings. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, La. Res. Note SO-62. 3 p.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Sutton, R. F. 1979. Planting stock quality and grading. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2:123–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Switzer, G. L. 1960. Exposure and planting depth effects of loblolly pine planting stock on poorly drained sites. J. Forestry 58:390–391.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Switzer, G. L. 1962. Some effects of nursery soil fertility on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planting stock. Ph.D. dissertation, State Univ. of New York, Coll. of Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse. 181 p.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Switzer, G. L., and L. E. Nelson. 1963. Effects of nursery fertility and density on seedling characteristics, yield and field performance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 27:461–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. Switzer, G. L., and L. E. Nelson. 1964. Unpublished data, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Switzer, G. L., and L. E. Nelson. 1967. Seedling quality strongly influenced by nursery soil management, Mississippi study shows. Tree Planters’ Notes 18(3):5–14.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Tanaka, Y., J. D. Walstad, and J. E. Borrecco. 1976. The effect of wrenching on morphology and field performance on Douglas fir and loblolly pine seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res. 6:453–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Taylor, R., and J. P. Barnett. 1985. Use of time-temperature monitors for controlling seedling quality in storage. Pages 178–183 in Proc. 1984 Southern Nursery Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Tuttle, C. L., D. B. South, M. S. Golden, and R. S. Meldahl. 1987. Relationship between initial seedling height and survival and growth of loblolly pine seedlings during a droughty year. South. J. Appl. Forestry 11:139–143.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Tuttle, C. L., D. B. South, M. S. Golden, and R. S. Meldahl. 1988. Initial Pinus taeda seedling height relationships with early survival and growth. Can. J. Forest Res. 7:867–871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1988. 1987 U.S. forest planting report. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1988–201 -023:60605/FS. 13 p.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Van den Driessche, R. 1982. Relationship between spacing and nitrogen fertilization of seedlings in the nursery, seedling size, and outplanting performance. Can. J. Forest Res. 12:865–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Van den Driessche, R. 1984. Seedling spacing in the nursery in relation to growth, yield, and performance of stock. Forestry Chron. 60:345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Van den Driessche, R. 1987. Importance of current photosynthate to new root growth of rooted cuttings compared with seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res. 17:157–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Venator, C. R. 1983. Effect of lateral root pruning on development of nursery-grown longleaf pine seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes 34(2):17–19.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Venator, C. R., and J. C. Brissette. 1983. The effectiveness of superabsorbent materials for maintaining southern pine seedlings during cold storage. Pages 240–245 In Proc. 1982 Southern Nursery Conferences (J. C. Brissette and C. W. Lantz, eds.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Publ. R8-TP4.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Venator, C. R., and J. G. Mexal. 1981. The effect of wrenching and planting date on the survival of loblolly pine. Pages 20–24 in Proc. 1st Biennial Southern Silvicul-tural Research Conference (J. P. Barnett, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, La. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-34.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Wakeley, P. C. 1935. Artificial reforestation in the southern region. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 429. 115 p.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Wakeley, P. C. 1938. Planting southern pines. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. U.S.D.A. Leaflet 159. 8 p.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Wakeley, P. C. 1949. Physiological grades of southern pine nursery stock. Pages 311–323 In Proc. of the 1948 Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting (H. L. Shirley ed.). Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Wakeley, P. C. 1954. Planting the southern pines. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. U.S.D.A. Agric. Monogr. No. 18. 233 p.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Wakeley, P. C. 1965. The less obvious problems of nursery stock production. Pages 77–92 In Proc. Nursery Soil Improvement Sessions (A. L. Leaf, ed.). State Univ. of New York, Coll. of Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Walstad, J. D., J. H. Breland, and J. G. Mexal. 1977. Application of wrenching and lateral pruning in loblolly pine nurseries. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Forest. Res. Tech. Rep. 042–2008/77/10. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Wasser, R. G. 1979. Tree improvement research — pure vs. random sowing study. Pages 15–19 In Proc. 1978 Southern Nurserymen’s Conferences (C. W. Lantz, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Atlanta, Ga. Tech. Publ. SA-TP6.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Webb, A. 1987. Unpublished data, Superior Trees Inc., Lee, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Wilder-Ayers, J. A., and J. R. Toliver. 1987. Relationships of morphological root and shoot characteristics to the performance of outplanted bareroot and containerized seedlings of loblolly pine. Pages 206–211 In Proc. 4th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference (D. R. Phillips, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Sta., Asheville, N. C. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Williams, H. M., and D. B. South. 1988. Effects of fall irrigation at a sandy nursery on morphology and root growth potential of loblolly pine seedlings. South African Forestry J. 147:1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Williams, H. M., D. B. South, and G. R. Glover. 1988. Effect of bud status and seedling biomass on root growth potential of loblolly pine seedlings Can. J. Forest Res. 18:1635–1640.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Williston, H. L. 1967. Clay slurry root dip impairs survival of loblolly pine seedlings in Mississippi. Tree Planters’ Notes 18(4):28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  232. White, J. B. 1981. The influence of seedling size and length of storage on longleaf pine survival. Tree Planters’ Notes 32(4):3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Xydias, G. K. 1981. Plantation survival studies of Continental Forest Industries. Pages 8–15 In Proc. 1st Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference (J.P. Barnett, ed.). U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-34.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mexal, J.G., South, D.B. (1991). Bareroot Seedling Culture. In: Duryea, M.L., Dougherty, P.M. (eds) Forest Regeneration Manual. Forestry Sciences, vol 36. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-0960-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3800-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics