Skip to main content

The MOMS (Making Our Mothers Stronger) Project: A Culturally Tailored Parenting Intervention for Mothers Living with HIV in the Southern USA

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The southeastern region of the United States has had the highest increase of new HIV/AIDS cases among all regions in the country and now has the highest incidence of HIV-positive women. The MOMS (Making Our Mothers Stronger) Project was a randomized, controlled behavioral trial that aimed to improve functioning of families affected by HIV by reducing childbearing stressors among HIV-positive mothers. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two intervention conditions: a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)-based intervention (focused on reducing parenting stress) or an attention-control intervention (focused on reducing health-related stress). The parenting intervention focused on building four key skills: communicating clearly and effectively with their children, using positive and negative consequences with their children to effectively change child’s behavior, enjoying their children more by finding ways to build quality time together into their normal routine, and taking care of themselves so they can best care for their children. Post intervention, there was significant decline in parenting-related stress in both the intervention conditions. Implications and future directions based on study findings are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abidin RR (1995) Parenting stress index, 3rd edn: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Odessa

    Google Scholar 

  • Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ (2002) Contextual factors and the Black-White disparity in heterosexual HIV transmission. Epidemiology 13(6):707–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • amfAR (2008) Women and HIV/AIDS. amfAR AIDS Research, Fact sheet No. 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews S, Williams AB, Neil K (1993) The mother-child relationship in the HIV-1 positive family. Image J Nurs Sch 25(3):193–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura A (1986) Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Prentice- Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen M (1978) Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce WT (2009) The family is (still) the patient. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163(8):768–770

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010a) Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and dependent areas, 2008: HIV surveillance report, vol 20. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2008report/index.htm. Accessed 19 Oct 2011

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010b) HIV among African Americans. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/pdf/aa.pdf. Accessed 19 Oct 2011

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011) Disparities in diagnoses of HIV infection between Blacks/African Americans and other racial/ethnic populations – 37 States, 2005–2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60(04):93–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciambrone D (2002) Informal networks among women with HIV/AIDS: present support and future prospects. Qual Health Res 12(7):876–896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciesla JA, Roberts JE (2001) Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 158(5):725–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark HJ, Lindner G, Armistead L, Austin BJ (2003) Stigma, disclosure, and psychological functioning among HIV-infected and non-infected African-American women. Women Health 38(4):57–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coco EL, Courtney LJ (1998) A family systems approach for preventing adolescent runaway behavior. Adolescence 33(130):485–496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, River LP, Lundin R, Wasowski K, Campion J, Mathisen J et al (2000) Stigmatizing attributions about mental illness. J Community Psychol 28(1):91–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford AM (1996) Stigma associated with AIDS: a meta-analysis. J Appl Soc Psychol 26(5):398–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emlet CA (2007) Experiences of stigma in older adults living with HIV/AIDS: a mixed-methods analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDS 21(10):740–752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland J, Renwick R, McColl M (1996) Coping and social support as determinants of quality of life in HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 8(1):15–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fullilove MT, Fullilove RE III (1999) Stigma as an obstacle to AIDS action. Am Behav Sci 42(1):117–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover DA, Garcia-Aracena EF, Lester P, Rice E, Rothram-Borus MJ (2010) Stress biomarkers as outcomes for HIV+  prevention: participation, feasibility and findings among HIV+  Latina and African American mothers. AIDS Behav 14(2):339–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg I, Goldenberg H (1991) Family therapy: an overview. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove

    Google Scholar 

  • Haile R, Padilla MB, Parker EA (2011) ‘Stuck in the quagmire of an HIV ghetto’: the meaning of stigma in the lives of older black gay and bisexual men living with HIV in New York City. Cult Health Sex 13(4):429–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall HI, An Q, Hutchinson AB, Sansom S (2008) Estimating the lifetime risk of a diagnosis of the HIV infection in 33 states, 2004–2005. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49(3):294–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansell P, Hughes C, Caliandro G, Russo P, Budin W, Hartman B et al (1998) The effect of a social support boosting intervention on stress, coping, and social support in caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS. Nurs Res 47(2):79–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herek GM, Capitanio JP (1994) Conspiracies, contagion, and compassion: trust and public reactions to AIDS. AIDS Educ Prev 6:365–375

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF (2002) HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the U.S.: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999. Am J Public Health 92:371–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson AL, Lee KA, Miramontes H, Portillo CJ (2001) Social interactions, perceived support, and level of distress in HIV-positive women. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 12(4):68–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson AB, Corbie-Smith G, Thomas SB, Mohanan S, del Rio C (2004) Understanding the patient’s perspective on rapid and routine HIV testing in an inner-city urgent care center. AIDS Educ Prev 16(2):101–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imber-Black E (1998) The secret life of families: truth- telling, privacy and reconciliation in a tell-all society. Bantam, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempf MC, McLeod J, Boehme AK, Walcott MW, Wright L, Seal P et al (2010) A qualitative study of the barriers and facilitators to retention-in-care among HIV-positive women in the rural southeastern United States: implications for targeted interventions. AIDS Patient Care STDS 24(8):515–520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kojic EM, Cu-Uvin S (2007) Special care issues of women living with HIV-AIDS. Infect Dis Clin N Am 21(1):133–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konkle-Parker DJ, Erlen JA, Dubbert PM (2008) Barriers and facilitators to medication adherence in a southern minority population with HIV disease. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 19(2):98–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopnisky KL, Stoff DM, Rausch DM (2004) Workshop report: the effects of psychological variables on the progression of HIV-1 disease. Brain Behav Immun 18(3):246–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Rotheram-Borus M (2001) Challenges associated with increased survival among parents living with HIV. Am J Public Health 91(8):1303–1309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liamputtong P (ed) (2013) Stigma, discrimination and living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-cultural perspective. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • McCubbin HL, McCubbin MA, Thompson AL, Han S, Allen CT (1997) Families under stress: what makes them resilient? JFam Consum Sci 89(3):2–12

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney MM (2002) Variations in rural AIDS epidemiology and service delivery models in the United States. J Rural Health 18:455–466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellins CA, Havens JF, McCaskill EO, Leu CS, Brudney K, Chesney MA (2002) Mental health, substance use and disclosure are significantly associated with the medical treatment adherence of HIV-infected mothers. Psychol Health Med 7(4):451–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moneyham L, Sowell R, Seals B, Demi A (2000) Depressive symptoms among African American women with HIV disease. Sch Inquir Nurs Pract 14(1):9–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy D, Austin E, Greenwell L (2006) Correlates of HIV-related stigma among HIV-positive mothers and their uninfected adolescent children. Women Health 44(3):19–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy DA, Marelich WD, Armistead L, Herbeck DM, Payne DL (2010) Anxiety/stress among mothers living with HIV: effects on parenting skills and child outcomes. AIDS Care 22(12):1449–1458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy DA, Armistead L, Marelich WD, Payne DL, Herbeck DM (2011) Pilot trial of a disclosure intervention for HIV+  mothers: the TRACK program. J Consult Clin Psychol 79(2):203–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muturi N, An S (2010) HIV/AIDS stigma and religiosity among African American women. J Health Commun 15(4):388–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nöstlinger C, Bartoli G, Gordillo V, Roberfroid D, Colebunders R (2006) Children and adolescents living with HIV positive parents: emotional and behavioral problems. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud 1(1):29–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne NS, Beckwith CG, Davis M, Flanigan T, Simmons EM, Crockett K et al (2006) Acceptance of HIV testing among African-American college students at a historically black university in the south. J Natl Med Assoc 98(12):1912–1916

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pence B, Reif S, Whetten K, Leserman J, Stangl D, Swartz M, Thielman N, Mugavero M (2007) Minorities, the poor, and survivors of abuse: HIV-infected patients in the US Deep South. South Med J 100(11):1114–1122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker JW, Hughes CF, O’Heeron RC (1987) The psychophysiology of confession: linking inhibitory and psychosomatic processes. J Pers Soc Psychol 52:781–793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker JW, Colder M, Sharp LK (1990) Accelerating the coping process. J Pers Soc Psychol 58:528–537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterman T, Lindsey C, Selik R (2005) This place is killing me: a comparison of counties where the incidence rates of AIDS increased the most and the least. J Infect Dis 191:S123–S126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips KD, Moneyham L, Thomas SP, Gunther M, Vyavaharkar M (2011) Social context of rural women with HIV/AIDS. Issues Ment Health Nurs 32(6):374–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilowsky D, Zybert P, Hsieh P, Vlahov D, Susser E (2003) Children of HIV-positive drug-using parent. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(8):950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plowden KO, Fletcher A, Miller JL (2005) Factors influencing HIV-risk behaviors among HIV-positive urban African Americans. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 16(1):21–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price V, Hsu M (1992) Public opinion about AIDS policies: the role of misinformation and attitudes toward homosexuals. Public Opin Q 56:29–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid MJ, Webster-Stratton C, Beauchaine TP (2001) Parent training in head start: a comparison of program response among African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic mothers. Prev Sci 2(4):209–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reif S, Geonnotti KL, Whetten K (2006) HIV infection and AIDS in the Deep South. Am J Public Health 96(6):970–973

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sayles JN, Ryan GW, Silver JS, Sarkisian CA, Cunningham WE (2007) Experiences of social stigma and implications for healthcare among a diverse population of HIV positive adults. J Urban Health 84(6):814–828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta S, Strauss RP, Miles MS, Roman-Isler M, Banks B, Corbie-Smith G (2010) A conceptual model exploring the relationship between HIV stigma and implementing HIV clinical trials in rural communities of North Carolina. N C Med J 71(2):113–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serovich JM (2001) A test of two HIV disclosure theories. AIDS Educ Prev 13(4):355–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver EJ, Bauman L, Camacho S, Hudis J (2003) Factors associated with psychological distress in urban mothers with late-stage HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav 7(4):421–431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith R, Rossetto K, Peterson BL (2008) A meta-analysis of disclosure of one’s HIV-positive status, stigma and social support. AIDS Care 20(10):1266–1275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein M, Crystal S, Cunningham W, Ananthanarayanan A, Anderson R, Turner B et al (2000) Delays in seeking HIV care due to competing caregiver responsibilities. Am J Public Health 90(7):1138–1140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stormshak EA, Kaminski RA, Goodman MR (2002) Enhancing the parenting skills of head start families during the transition to kindergarten. Prev Sci 3(3):223–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins T (2007) Disclosure of maternal HIV status to children: to tell or not to tell…that is the question. J Child Fam Stud 16(6):773–788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins TL, Wyatt G (2008) Child psychosocial adjustment and parenting in families affected by maternal HIV/AIDS. J Child Fam Stud 17:823–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon RA (2000) Redefining motherhood: adaptation to role change for women with AIDS. Fam Soc 81(2):152–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vyavaharkar M, Moneyham L, Corwin S, Saunders R, Annang L, Tavakoli A (2010) Relationships between stigma, social support, and depression in HIV-infected African American women living in the rural Southeastern United States. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 21(2):144–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace SA, McLellan-Lemal E, Harris MJ, Townsend TG, Miller KS (2011) Why take an HIV test? Concerns, benefits, and strategies to promote HIV testing among low-income heterosexual African American young adults. Health Educ Behav 38(5):462–470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton C, Hammond M (1990) Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training for families with conduct problem children. Behav Ther 21:319–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener LS, Battles HB, Heilman NE (1998) Factors associated with parents’ decision to disclose their HIV diagnosis to their children. Child Welfare 77:115–135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood S, Tobias C, McCree J (2004) Medication adherence for HIV positive women caring for children: in their own words. AIDS Care 16(7):909–913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan L. Davies .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davies, S.L., Thind, H.K., Stiller, J.L. (2013). The MOMS (Making Our Mothers Stronger) Project: A Culturally Tailored Parenting Intervention for Mothers Living with HIV in the Southern USA. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Women, Motherhood and Living with HIV/AIDS. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5887-2_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics