Abstract
Mechanotransduction describes the cellular process by which mechanical stimuli are translated into intracellular adaptive responses through biochemical signals. Current research has begun to focus on the once-forgotten organelle, the primary cilia, in this mechanotransduction process. Primary cilia are found on almost every cell type, with a functional role in transducing mechanical and extracellular signals towards intracellular responses through the ciliary extension into the extracellular space. In this regard, the modulation of intracellular calcium signaling by various mechanical stimuli has generated an assortment of attractive models to understand this mechanotransduction process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Nauli SM, Williams JM, Akopov SE, Zhang L, Pearce WJ (2001) Developmental changes in ryanodine- and IP(3)-sensitive Ca(2+) pools in ovine basilar artery. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1785–C1796
Fregeau MO, Regimbald-Dumas Y, Guillemette G (2011) Positive regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in RINm5F cells. J Cell Biochem 112:723–733
Puri S, Magenheimer BS, Maser RL, Ryan EM, Zien CA, Walker DD, Wallace DP, Hempson SJ, Calvet JP (2004) Polycystin-1 activates the calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 279:55455–55464
Wegierski T, Steffl D, Kopp C, Tauber R, Buchholz B, Nitschke R, Kuehn EW, Walz G, Kottgen M (2009) TRPP2 channels regulate apoptosis through the Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 28:490–499
Mo M, Eskin SG, Schilling WP (1991) Flow-induced changes in Ca2+ signaling of vascular endothelial cells: effect of shear stress and ATP. Am J Physiol 260:H1698–H1707
AbouAlaiwi WA, Lo ST, Nauli SM (2009) Primary cilia: highly sophisticated biological sensors. Sensors 9:7003–7020
Kolb RJ, Nauli SM (2008) Ciliary dysfunction in polycystic kidney disease: an emerging model with polarizing potential. Front Biosci 13:4451–4466
Nauli SM, Zhou J (2004) Polycystins and mechanosensation in renal and nodal cilia. Bioessays 26:844–856
Liu B, Lu S, Zheng S, Jiang Z, Wang Y (2011) Two distinct phases of calcium signalling under flow. Cardiovasc Res 91(1):124–133
Sharma R, Yellowley CE, Civelek M, Ainslie K, Hodgson L, Tarbell JM, Donahue HJ (2002) Intracellular calcium changes in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in response to fluid flow. Ann Biomed Eng 30:371–378
Camello-Almaraz C, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Pozo MJ, Camello PJ (2006) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291:C1082–C1088
Borisova L, Wray S, Eisner DA, Burdyga T (2009) How structure, Ca signals, and cellular communications underlie function in precapillary arterioles. Circ Res 105:803–810
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD (2000) The versatility and universality of calcium signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1:11–21
Rebecchi MJ, Pentyala SN (2000) Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Physiol Rev 80:1291–1335
Rhee SG (2001) Regulation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Annu Rev Biochem 70:281–312
Kwan HY, Leung PC, Huang Y, Yao X (2003) Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores sensitizes the flow-induced Ca2+ influx in rat endothelial cells. Circ Res 92:286–292
Schwarz G, Callewaert G, Droogmans G, Nilius B (1992) Shear stress-induced calcium transients in endothelial cells from human umbilical cord veins. J Physiol 458:527–538
Nilius B, Droogmans G (2001) Ion channels and their functional role in vascular endothelium. Physiol Rev 81:1415–1459
Oike M, Droogmans G, Nilius B (1994) Mechanosensitive Ca2+ transients in endothelial cells from human umbilical vein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2940–2944
Deschner J, Hofman CR, Piesco NP, Agarwal S (2003) Signal transduction by mechanical strain in chondrocytes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6:289–293
Basson MD (2003) Paradigms for mechanical signal transduction in the intestinal epithelium. Category: molecular, cell, and developmental biology. Digestion 68:217–225
Ruwhof C, van der Laarse A (2000) Mechanical stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy: mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. Cardiovasc Res 47:23–37
Nauli SM, Haymour HS, AbouAlaiwi WA, Lo ST, Nauli AM (2011) Primary cilia are mechanosensory organelles in vestibular tissues. In: Mechanosensitivity and Mechanotransduction.. ISBN 978-990-481-9880-9881
Resnick A, Hopfer U (2007) Force-response considerations in ciliary mechanosensation. Biophys J 93:1380–1390
AbouAlaiwi WA, Takahashi M, Mell BR, Jones TJ, Ratnam S, Kolb RJ, Nauli SM (2009) Ciliary polycystin-2 is a mechanosensitive calcium channel involved in nitric oxide signaling cascades. Circ Res 104:860–869
Nauli SM, Kawanabe Y, Kaminski JJ, Pearce WJ, Ingber DE, Zhou J (2008) Endothelial cilia are fluid shear sensors that regulate calcium signaling and nitric oxide production through polycystin-1. Circulation 117:1161–1171
Iomini C, Tejada K, Mo W, Vaananen H, Piperno G (2004) Primary cilia of human endothelial cells disassemble under laminar shear stress. J Cell Biol 164:811–817
Van der Heiden K, Groenendijk BC, Hierck BP, Hogers B, Koerten HK, Mommaas AM, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE (2006) Monocilia on chicken embryonic endocardium in low shear stress areas. Dev Dyn 235:19–28
Van der Heiden K, Hierck BP, Krams R, de Crom R, Cheng C, Baiker M, Pourquie MJ, Alkemade FE, DeRuiter MC, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE (2008) Endothelial primary cilia in areas of disturbed flow are at the base of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 196:542–550
Ratnam S, Nauli SM (2010) Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a clinical and basic science perspective. Int J Nephrol Urol 2:294–308
Weinbaum S, Tarbell JM, Damiano ER (2007) The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:121–167
Yao Y, Rabodzey A, Dewey CF Jr (2007) Glycocalyx modulates the motility and proliferative response of vascular endothelium to fluid shear stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H1023–H1030
Jensen CG, Poole CA, McGlashan SR, Marko M, Issa ZI, Vujcich KV, Bowser SS (2004) Ultrastructural, tomographic and confocal imaging of the chondrocyte primary cilium in situ. Cell Biol Int 28:101–110
Poole CA, Flint MH, Beaumont BW (1985) Analysis of the morphology and function of primary cilia in connective tissues: a cellular cybernetic probe? Cell Motil 5:175–193
Alenghat FJ, Nauli SM, Kolb R, Zhou J, Ingber DE (2004) Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 301:23–30
Resnick A (2010) Use of optical tweezers to probe epithelial mechanosensation. J Biomed Opt 15:015005
Boehlke C, Kotsis F, Patel V, Braeg S, Voelker H, Bredt S, Beyer T, Janusch H, Hamann C, Godel M, Muller K, Herbst M, Hornung M, Doerken M, Kottgen M, Nitschke R, Igarashi P, Walz G, Kuehn EW (2010) Primary cilia regulate mTORC1 activity and cell size through Lkb1. Nat Cell Biol 12:1115–1122
Schneider L, Clement CA, Teilmann SC, Pazour GJ, Hoffmann EK, Satir P, Christensen ST (2005) PDGFRalphaalpha signaling is regulated through the primary cilium in fibroblasts. Curr Biol 15:1861–1866
Knight MM, McGlashan SR, Garcia M, Jensen CG, Poole CA (2009) Articular chondrocytes express connexin 43 hemichannels and P2 receptors – a putative mechanoreceptor complex involving the primary cilium? J Anat 214:275–283
Praetorius HA, Spring KR (2001) Bending the MDCK cell primary cilium increases intracellular calcium. J Membr Biol 184:71–79
Schwartz EA, Leonard ML, Bizios R, Bowser SS (1997) Analysis and modeling of the primary cilium bending response to fluid shear. Am J Physiol 272:F132–F138
Nauli SM, Alenghat FJ, Luo Y, Williams E, Vassilev P, Li X, Elia AE, Lu W, Brown EM, Quinn SJ, Ingber DE, Zhou J (2003) Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells. Nat Genet 33:129–137
Nauli SM, Rossetti S, Kolb RJ, Alenghat FJ, Consugar MB, Harris PC, Ingber DE, Loghman-Adham M, Zhou J (2006) Loss of polycystin-1 in human cyst-lining epithelia leads to ciliary dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:1015–1025
Abdul-Majeed S, Nauli SM (2011) Calcium-mediated mechanisms of cystic expansion. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812(10):1281–1290
Yoder BK, Hou X, Guay-Woodford LM (2002) The polycystic kidney disease proteins, polycystin-1, polycystin-2, polaris, and cystin, are co-localized in renal cilia. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2508–2516
Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (2006) The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 7:125–148
Hanaoka K, Qian F, Boletta A, Bhunia AK, Piontek K, Tsiokas L, Sukhatme VP, Guggino WB, Germino GG (2000) Co-assembly of polycystin-1 and -2 produces unique cation-permeable currents. Nature 408:990–994
Newby LJ, Streets AJ, Zhao Y, Harris PC, Ward CJ, Ong AC (2002) Identification, characterization, and localization of a novel kidney polycystin-1-polycystin-2 complex. J Biol Chem 277:20763–20773
Tsiokas L, Kim E, Arnould T, Sukhatme VP, Walz G (1997) Homo- and heterodimeric interactions between the gene products of PKD1 and PKD2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6965–6970
Xu C, Shmukler BE, Nishimura K, Kaczmarek E, Rossetti S, Harris PC, Wandinger-Ness A, Bacallao RL, Alper SL (2009) Attenuated, flow-induced ATP release contributes to absence of flow-sensitive, purinergic Cai2+ signaling in human ADPKD cyst epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296:F1464–F1476
Cai Y, Maeda Y, Cedzich A, Torres VE, Wu G, Hayashi T, Mochizuki T, Park JH, Witzgall R, Somlo S (1999) Identification and characterization of polycystin-2, the PKD2 gene product. J Biol Chem 274:28557–28565
Chen XZ, Segal Y, Basora N, Guo L, Peng JB, Babakhanlou H, Vassilev PM, Brown EM, Hediger MA, Zhou J (2001) Transport function of the naturally occurring pathogenic polycystin-2 mutant, R742X. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 282:1251–1256
Koulen P, Cai Y, Geng L, Maeda Y, Nishimura S, Witzgall R, Ehrlich BE, Somlo S (2002) Polycystin-2 is an intracellular calcium release channel. Nat Cell Biol 4:191–197
O’Toole CM, Arnoult C, Darszon A, Steinhardt RA, Florman HM (2000) Ca(2+) entry through store-operated channels in mouse sperm is initiated by egg ZP3 and drives the acrosome reaction. Mol Biol Cell 11:1571–1584
Tsiokas L (2009) Function and regulation of TRPP2 at the plasma membrane. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297:F1–F9
Qian F, Germino FJ, Cai Y, Zhang X, Somlo S, Germino GG (1997) PKD1 interacts with PKD2 through a probable coiled-coil domain. Nat Genet 16:179–183
Tsiokas L, Arnould T, Zhu C, Kim E, Walz G, Sukhatme VP (1999) Specific association of the gene product of PKD2 with the TRPC1 channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:3934–3939
Chachisvilis M, Zhang YL, Frangos JA (2006) G protein-coupled receptors sense fluid shear stress in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15463–15468
Putney JW Jr (1990) Receptor-regulated calcium entry. Pharmacol Ther 48:427–434
Leung PC, Cheng KT, Liu C, Cheung WT, Kwan HY, Lau KL, Huang Y, Yao X (2006) Mechanism of non-capacitative Ca2+ influx in response to bradykinin in vascular endothelial cells. J Vasc Res 43:367–376
Li YS, Haga JH, Chien S (2005) Molecular basis of the effects of shear stress on vascular endothelial cells. J Biomech 38:1949–1971
Praetorius HA, Spring KR (2003) The renal cell primary cilium functions as a flow sensor. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12:517–520
Muller JM, Chilian WM, Davis MJ (1997) Integrin signaling transduces shear stress – dependent vasodilation of coronary arterioles. Circ Res 80:320–326
Lelievre S, Weaver VM, Bissell MJ (1996) Extracellular matrix signaling from the cellular membrane skeleton to the nuclear skeleton: a model of gene regulation. Recent Prog Horm Res 51:417–432
Thodeti CK, Matthews B, Ravi A, Mammoto A, Ghosh K, Bracha AL, Ingber DE (2009) TRPV4 channels mediate cyclic strain-induced endothelial cell reorientation through integrin-to-integrin signaling. Circ Res 104:1123–1130
Wilson PD, Geng L, Li X, Burrow CR (1999) The PKD1 gene product, “polycystin-1,” is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that colocalizes with alpha2beta1-integrin in focal clusters in adherent renal epithelia. Lab Invest 79:1311–1323
Geng L, Burrow CR, Li HP, Wilson PD (2000) Modification of the composition of polycystin-1 multiprotein complexes by calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1535:21–35
Gilmore AP, Romer LH (1996) Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in focal adhesions decreases cell motility and proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 7:1209–1224
Otey CA, Carpen O (2004) Alpha-actinin revisited: a fresh look at an old player. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 58:104–111
Sun HQ, Yamamoto M, Mejillano M, Yin HL (1999) Gelsolin, a multifunctional actin regulatory protein. J Biol Chem 274:33179–33182
Doyle AD, Lee J (2005) Cyclic changes in keratocyte speed and traction stress arise from Ca2+-dependent regulation of cell adhesiveness. J Cell Sci 118:369–379
Brundage RA, Fogarty KE, Tuft RA, Fay FS (1991) Calcium gradients underlying polarization and chemotaxis of eosinophils. Science 254:703–706
Wei C, Wang X, Chen M, Ouyang K, Song LS, Cheng H (2009) Calcium flickers steer cell migration. Nature 457:901–905
Langille BL, Adamson SL (1981) Relationship between blood flow direction and endothelial cell orientation at arterial branch sites in rabbits and mice. Circ Res 48:481–488
Barbee KA, Mundel T, Lal R, Davies PF (1995) Subcellular distribution of shear stress at the surface of flow-aligned and nonaligned endothelial monolayers. Am J Physiol 268:H1765–H1772
Dewey CF Jr, Bussolari SR, Gimbrone MA Jr, Davies PF (1981) The dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to fluid shear stress. J Biomech Eng 103:177–185
Fung YC, Liu SQ (1993) Elementary mechanics of the endothelium of blood vessels. J Biomech Eng 115:1–12
Liu SQ, Yen M, Fung YC (1994) On measuring the third dimension of cultured endothelial cells in shear flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8782–8786
McCue S, Noria S, Langille BL (2004) Shear-induced reorganization of endothelial cell cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. Trends Cardiovasc Med 14:143–151
Noria S, Xu F, McCue S, Jones M, Gotlieb AI, Langille BL (2004) Assembly and reorientation of stress fibers drives morphological changes to endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Am J Pathol 164:1211–1223
Melchior B, Frangos JA (2010) Shear-induced endothelial cell-cell junction inclination. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 299:C621–C629
Brooks AR, Lelkes PI, Rubanyi GM (2004) Gene expression profiling of vascular endothelial cells exposed to fluid mechanical forces: relevance for focal susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Endothelium 11:45–57
Cunningham KS, Gotlieb AI (2005) The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lab Invest 85:9–23
DePaola N, Gimbrone MA Jr, Davies PF, Dewey CF Jr (1992) Vascular endothelium responds to fluid shear stress gradients. Arterioscler Thromb 12:1254–1257
Tzima E (2006) Role of small GTPases in endothelial cytoskeletal dynamics and the shear stress response. Circ Res 98:176–185
Tzima E, Irani-Tehrani M, Kiosses WB, Dejana E, Schultz DA, Engelhardt B, Cao G, DeLisser H, Schwartz MA (2005) A mechanosensory complex that mediates the endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress. Nature 437:426–431
Hierck BP, Van der Heiden K, Alkemade FE, Van de Pas S, Van Thienen JV, Groenendijk BC, Bax WH, Van der Laarse A, Deruiter MC, Horrevoets AJ, Poelmann RE (2008) Primary cilia sensitize endothelial cells for fluid shear stress. Dev Dyn 237:725–735
Poelmann RE, Van der Heiden K, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Hierck BP (2008) Deciphering the endothelial shear stress sensor. Circulation 117:1124–1126
Dekker RJ, van Soest S, Fontijn RD, Salamanca S, de Groot PG, VanBavel E, Pannekoek H, Horrevoets AJ (2002) Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Kruppel-like factor (KLF2). Blood 100:1689–1698
Dekker RJ, van Thienen JV, Rohlena J, de Jager SC, Elderkamp YW, Seppen J, de Vries CJ, Biessen EA, van Berkel TJ, Pannekoek H, Horrevoets AJ (2005) Endothelial KLF2 links local arterial shear stress levels to the expression of vascular tone-regulating genes. Am J Pathol 167:609–618
Wang N, Miao H, Li YS, Zhang P, Haga JH, Hu Y, Young A, Yuan S, Nguyen P, Wu CC, Chien S (2006) Shear stress regulation of Kruppel-like factor 2 expression is flow pattern-specific. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 341:1244–1251
Dai G, Kaazempur-Mofrad MR, Natarajan S, Zhang Y, Vaughn S, Blackman BR, Kamm RD, Garcia-Cardena G, Gimbrone MA Jr (2004) Distinct endothelial phenotypes evoked by arterial waveforms derived from atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant regions of human vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:14871–14876
Caille N, Thoumine O, Tardy Y, Meister JJ (2002) Contribution of the nucleus to the mechanical properties of endothelial cells. J Biomech 35:177–187
Sato M, Levesque MJ, Nerem RM (1987) Micropipette aspiration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Arteriosclerosis 7:276–286
Wang N, Butler JP, Ingber DE (1993) Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton. Science 260:1124–1127
Galbraith CG, Skalak R, Chien S (1998) Shear stress induces spatial reorganization of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 40:317–330
Maniotis AJ, Bojanowski K, Ingber DE (1997) Mechanical continuity and reversible chromosome disassembly within intact genomes removed from living cells. J Cell Biochem 65:114–130
Gimbrone MA Jr, Resnick N, Nagel T, Khachigian LM, Collins T, Topper JN (1997) Hemodynamics, endothelial gene expression, and atherogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 811:1–10, discussion 10–11
Ingber DE, Folkman J (1989) Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 109:317–330
Maniotis AJ, Chen CS, Ingber DE (1997) Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:849–854
Ingber DE (1993) Cellular tensegrity: defining new rules of biological design that govern the cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 104(Pt 3):613–627
Evans E, Yeung A (1989) Apparent viscosity and cortical tension of blood granulocytes determined by micropipet aspiration. Biophys J 56:151–160
Lauffenburger DA, Horwitz AF (1996) Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell 84:359–369
Sheetz MP, Felsenfeld DP, Galbraith CG (1998) Cell migration: regulation of force on extracellular-matrix-integrin complexes. Trends Cell Biol 8:51–54
Li S, Butler P, Wang Y, Hu Y, Han DC, Usami S, Guan JL, Chien S (2002) The role of the dynamics of focal adhesion kinase in the mechanotaxis of endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:3546–3551
Li S, Huang NF, Hsu S (2005) Mechanotransduction in endothelial cell migration. J Cell Biochem 96:1110–1126
Go YM, Park H, Maland MC, Darley-Usmar VM, Stoyanov B, Wetzker R, Jo H (1998) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma mediates shear stress-dependent activation of JNK in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 275:H1898–H1904
Urbich C, Dernbach E, Reissner A, Vasa M, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S (2002) Shear stress-induced endothelial cell migration involves integrin signaling via the fibronectin receptor subunits alpha(5) and beta(1). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:69–75
Malek AM, Izumo S (1996) Mechanism of endothelial cell shape change and cytoskeletal remodeling in response to fluid shear stress. J Cell Sci 109(Pt 4):713–726
Miyazaki T, Ohata H, Yamamoto M, Momose K (2001) Spontaneous and flow-induced Ca2+ transients in retracted regions in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 281:172–179
Yoshikawa N, Ariyoshi H, Ikeda M, Sakon M, Kawasaki T, Monden M (1997) Shear-stress causes polarized change in cytoplasmic calcium concentration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell Calcium 22:189–194
AbouAlaiwi WA, Ratnam S, Booth RL, Shah JV, Nauli SM (2011) Endothelial cells from humans and mice with polycystic kidney disease are characterized by polyploidy and chromosome segregation defects through survivin down-regulation. Hum Mol Genet 20:354–367
Egorova AD, Khedoe PP, Goumans MJ, Yoder BK, Nauli SM, Ten Dijke P, Poelmann RE, Hierck BP (2011) Lack of primary cilia primes shear-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Circ Res 108(9):1093–1101
Acknowledgments
Due to restricted space, we apologize to those whose work is not described in this review. Works from our laboratory that are cited in this review have been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (DK080640), and the NIH Recovery Act Funds. Authors are grateful to Charisse Montgomery for her editorial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jones, T.J., Nauli, S.M. (2012). Mechanosensory Calcium Signaling. In: Islam, M. (eds) Calcium Signaling. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 740. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_46
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2887-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2888-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)