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Salmonella-Regulated Lipopolysaccharide Modifications

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Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 53))

Abstract

Salmonella enterica are Gram-negative enteric pathogens that cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis in humans. Many bacteria, including Salmonella, use signal transduction cascades such as two-component regulatory systems to detect and respond to stimuli in the local microenvironment. During infection, environmental sensing allows bacteria to regulate gene expression to evade host immune defenses and thrive in vivo. Activation of the Salmonella two-component regulatory systems PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB and the RcsC-RcsD-RcsB phosphorylay by specific environmental signals in the intestine and within host cells leads to several lipopolysaccharide modifications that promote bacterial survival, cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance and virulence. Many pathogens encode orthologs to Salmonella two-component regulatory systems and also modify the lipopolysaccharide to escape killing by the host immune response. However, these organisms often regulate their virulence genes, including those responsible for lipopolysaccharide modification, in ways that differ from Salmonella. Further examination of bacterial virulence gene regulation and lipopolysaccharide modifications may lead to improved antimicrobial therapies and vaccines.

S.M. Richards, K.L. Strandberg These authors contributed equally to this work

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Abbreviations

Ara4:

4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (also abbreviated as 4-aminoarabinose)

CAMP:

cationic antimicrobial peptide

Hep I:

heptose I

Hep II:

heptose II

L-PG:

lysylphosphatidylglycerol

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

NTS:

non-typhoidal Salmonella

pEtN:

phosphoethanolamine

SPI-1:

Salmonella pathogenicity island-1

SPI-2:

Salmonella pathogenicity island-2

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TCRS:

two-component regulatory system

TTSS:

type III secretion system

WT:

wild type

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Acknowledgements

Due to space constrains, the authors regret that all appropriate topics and references could not be covered. Work in the authors’ laboratory on this research was supported by The National Institutes of Health Grant AI043521. All chemical structure drawings were created using ACD/ChemSketch 12.0 Freeware.

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  1. Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1214, USA

    Susan M. Richards, Kristi L. Strandberg & John S. Gunn

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  1. Susan M. Richards
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  2. Kristi L. Strandberg
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  3. John S. Gunn
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Correspondence to John S. Gunn .

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  1. Dept. Biochemistry, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China, People's Republic

    Xiaoyuan Wang

  2. European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, Garching, 85748, Germany

    Peter J. Quinn

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Richards, S.M., Strandberg, K.L., Gunn, J.S. (2010). Salmonella-Regulated Lipopolysaccharide Modifications. In: Wang, X., Quinn, P. (eds) Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 53. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9078-2_5

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