Abstract
DNA damage is at the center of the genesis, progression and treatment of cancer. We review here the molecular mechanisms of the DNA damage inducing small molecules most commonly used in cancer therapy. Cell cycle control and DNA repair mechanisms are known to be activated after DNA damage. Here, we revise recent discoveries related to the cell cycle control and DNA repair processes and how these findings are being utilized for the more efficient, powerful and selective therapies for cancer treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Wall ME, Wani MC (1995) Camptothecin and taxol: Discovery to Res 55: 753–760
Hsiang YH, Hertzberg R, Hecht S, Liu LF (1985) Camptothecin induces protein-linked DNA breaks via mammalian DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 260: 14873–14878
Eng WK, Faucette L, Johnson RK, Sternglanz R (1988) Evidence that DNA topoisomerase I is necessary for the cytotoxic effects of camptothecin. Mol Pharmacol 34: 755–760
Nitiss J, Wang JC (1988) DNA topoisomerase-targeting antitumor drugs can be studied in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7501–7505
Stewart L, Redinbo MR, Qiu X, Hol WG, Champoux JJ (1998) A model for the mechanism of human topoisomerase I. Science 279: 1534–1541
Holm C, Covey JM, Kerrigan D, Pommier Y (1989) Differential requirement of DNA replication for the cytotoxicity of DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors in Chinese hamster DC3F cells. Cancer Res 49: 6365–6368
Horwitz SB, Horwitz MS (1973) Effects of camptothecin on the breakage and repair of DNA durMolecular pathways involved in cell death after chemically induced DNA damage 225 ing the cell cycle. Cancer Res 33: 2834–2836
O’Connor PM, Nieves-Neira W, Kerrigan D, Bertrand R, Goldman J, Kohn KW, Pommier Y (1991) S-phase population analysis does not correlate with the cytotoxicity of camptothecin and 10,11-methylenedioxycamptothecin in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Cancer Commun 3: 233–240
Hsiang YH, Lihou MG, Liu LF (1989) Arrest of replication forks by drug-stabilized topoisomerase I-DNA cleavable complexes as a mechanism of cell killing by camptothecin. Cancer Res 49: 5077–5082
Wu J, Liu LF (1997) Processing of topoisomerase I cleavable complexes into DNA damage by transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 4181–4186
Morris EJ, Geller HM (1996) Induction of neuronal apoptosis by camptothecin, an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase-I: Evidence for cell cycle-independent toxicity. J Cell Biol 134: 757–770
Borovitskaya AE, D’Arpa P (1998) Replication-dependent and-independent camptothecin cytotoxicity of seven human colon tumor cell lines. Oncol Res 10: 271–276
Pommier Y, Weinstein JN, Aladjem MI, Kohn KW (2006) Chk2 molecular interaction map and rationale for Chk2 inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 12: 2657–2661
Shiloh Y, Lehmann AR (2004) Maintaining integrity. Nat Cell Biol 6: 923–928
Kastan MB, Bartek J (2004) Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer. Nature 432: 316–323
Takemura H, Rao VA, Sordet O, Furuta T, Miao ZH, Meng L, Zhang H, Pommier Y (2006) Defective Mre11-dependent activation of Chk2 by Ataxia telangiectasia mutated in colorectal carcinoma cells in response to replication-dependent DNA double strand breaks. J Biol Chem 281: 30814–30823
Smith PJ, Makinson TA, Watson JV (1989) Enhanced sensitivity to camptothecin in Ataxia-telangiectasia cells and its relationship with the expression of DNA topoisomerase I. Int J Radiat Biol 55: 217–231
Johnson MA, Bryant PE, Jones NJ (2000) Isolation of camptothecin-sensitive chinese hamster cell mutants: Phenotypic heterogeneity within the Ataxia telangiectasia-like XRCC8 (irs2) complementation group. Mutagenesis 15: 367–374
Flatten K, Dai NT, Vroman BT, Loegering D, Erlichman C, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH (2005) The role of checkpoint kinase 1 in sensitivity to topoisomerase I poisons. J Biol Chem 280: 14349–14355
Yu Q, Rose JH, Zhang H, Pommier Y (2001) Antisense inhibition of Chk2/hCds1 expression attenuates DNA damage-induced S and G2 checkpoints and enhances apoptotic activity in HEK-293 cells. FEBS Lett 505: 7–12
Gupta M, Fan S, Zhan Q, Kohn KW, O’Connor PM, Pommier Y (1997) Inactivation of p53 increases the cytotoxicity of camptothecin in human colon HCT116 and breast MCF-7 cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 3: 1653–1660
Han Z, Wei W, Dunaway S, Darnowski JW, Calabresi P, Sedivy J, Hendrickson EA, Balan KV, Pantazis P, Wyche JH (2002) Role of p21 in apoptosis and senescence of human colon cancer cells treated with camptothecin. J Biol Chem 277: 17154–17160
Squires S, Ryan AJ, Strutt HL, Johnson RT (1993) Hypersensitivity of Cockayne’s syndrome cells to camptothecin is associated with the generation of abnormally high levels of double strand breaks in nascent DNA. Cancer Res 53: 2012–2019
Chen AY, Liu LF (1994) DNA topoisomerases: Essential enzymes and lethal targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 34: 191–218
Liu LF (1989) DNA topoisomerase poisons as antitumor drugs. Annu Rev Biochem 58: 351–375
Nitiss JL, Wang JC (1996) Mechanisms of cell killing by drugs that trap covalent complexes between DNA topoisomerases and DNA. Mol Pharmacol 50: 1095–1102
Tsai-Pflugfelder M, Liu LF, Liu AA, Tewey KM, Whang-Peng J, Knutsen T, Huebner K, Croce CM, Wang JC (1988) Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding human DNA topoisomerase II and localization of the gene to chromosome region 17q21-22. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7177–7181
Treszezamsky AD, Kachnic LA, Feng Z, Zhang J, Tokadjian C, Powell SN (2007) BRCA1-and BRCA2-deficient cells are sensitive to etoposide-induced DNA double-strand breaks via topoisomerase II. Cancer Res 67: 7078–7081
Wong E, Giandomenico CM (1999) Current status of platinum-based antitumor drugs. Chem Rev 99: 2451–2466
Jamieson ER, Lippard SJ (1999) Structure, recognition, and processing of cisplatin-DNA adducts. 226 R. Sánchez-Olea et al. Chem Rev 99: 2467–2498
Wang D, Lippard SJ (2005) Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4: 307–320
Kartalou M, Essigmann JM (2001) Recognition of cisplatin adducts by cellular proteins. Mutat Res 478: 1–21
Harrap KR (1985) Preclinical studies identifying carboplatin as a viable cisplatin alternative. Cancer Treat Rev 12 Suppl A: 21–33
Raynaud FI, Boxall FE, Goddard PM, Valenti M, Jones M, Murrer BA, Abrams M, Kelland LR (1997) Cis-Amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine) platinum(II) (AMD473), a novel sterically hindered platinum complex: In vivo activity, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics in mice. Clin Cancer Res 3: 2063–2074
Holford J, Sharp SY, Murrer BA, Abrams M, Kelland LR (1998) In vitro circumvention of cisplatin resistance by the novel sterically hindered platinum complex AMD473. Br J Cancer 77: 366–373
Ishida S, Lee J, Thiele DJ, Herskowitz I (2002) Uptake of the anticancer drug cisplatin mediated by the copper transporter Ctr1 in yeast and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 14298–14302
Holzer AK, Samimi G, Katano K, Naerdemann W, Lin X, Safaei R, Howell SB (2004) The copper influx transporter human copper transport protein 1 regulates the uptake of cisplatin in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 66: 817–823
Komatsu M, Sumizawa T, Mutoh M, Chen ZS, Terada K, Furukawa T,Yang XL, Gao H, Miura N, Sugiyama T, Akiyama S (2000) Copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATP7B) is associated with cisplatin resistance. Cancer Res 60: 1312–1316
Miyashita H, Nitta Y, Mori S, Kanzaki A, Nakayama K, Terada K, Sugiyama T, Kawamura H, Sato A, Morikawa H et al (2003) Expression of copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATP7B) as a chemoresistance marker in human oral squamous cell carcinoma treated with cisplatin. Oral Oncol 39: 157–162
Nakayama K, Kanzaki A, Ogawa K, Miyazaki K, Neamati N, Takebayashi Y (2002) Copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATP7B) as a cisplatin based chemoresistance marker in ovarian carcinoma: Comparative analysis with expression of MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, LRP and BCRP. Int J Cancer 101: 488–495
Ohbu M, Ogawa K, Konno S, Kanzaki A, Terada K, Sugiyama T, Takebayashi Y (2003) Coppertransporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATP7B) is expressed in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Lett 189: 33–38
Cui Y, Konig J, Buchholz JK, Spring H, Leier I, Keppler D (1999) Drug resistance and ATPdependent conjugate transport mediated by the apical multidrug resistance protein, MRP2, permanently expressed in human and canine cells. Mol Pharmacol 55: 929–937
Kool M, de Haas M, Scheffer GL, Scheper RJ, van Eijk MJ, Juijn JA, Baas F, Borst P (1997) Analysis of expression of cMOAT (MRP2), MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5, homologues of the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene (MRP1), in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 57: 3537–3547
Koike K, Kawabe T, Tanaka T, Toh S, Uchiumi T,Wada M, Akiyama S, Ono M, Kuwano M (1997) A canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT) antisense cDNA enhances drug sensitivity in human hepatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 57: 5475–5479
Corda Y, Job C, Anin MF, Leng M, Job D (1991) Transcription by eucaryotic and procaryotic RNA polymerases of DNA modified at a d(GG) or a d(AG) site by the antitumor drug cisdiamminedichloroplatinum( II). Biochemistry 30: 222–230
Corda Y, Job C, Anin MF, Leng M, Job D (1993) Spectrum of DNA-platinum adduct recognition by prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Biochemistry 32: 8582–8588
Tornaletti S, Patrick SM, Turchi JJ, Hanawalt PC (2003) Behavior of T7 RNA polymerase and mammalian RNA polymerase II at site-specific cisplatin adducts in the template DNA. J Biol Chem 278: 35791–35797
Jung Y, Lippard SJ (2006) RNA polymerase II blockage by cisplatin-damaged DNA. Stability and polyubiquitylation of stalled polymerase. J Biol Chem 281: 1361–1370
Damsma GE, Alt A, Brueckner F, Carell T, Cramer P (2007) Mechanism of transcriptional stalling at cisplatin-damaged DNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14: 1127–1133
Zamble DB, Mikata Y, Eng CH, Sandman KE, Lippard SJ (2002) Testis-specific HMG-domain protein alters the responses of cells to cisplatin. J Inorg Biochem 91: 451–462
Huang JC, Zamble DB, Reardon JT, Lippard SJ, Sancar A (1994) HMG-domain proteins specifiMolecular pathways involved in cell death after chemically induced DNA damage 227 cally inhibit the repair of the major DNA adduct of the anticancer drug cisplatin by human excision nuclease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 10394–10398
He Q, Liang CH, Lippard SJ (2000) Steroid hormones induce HMG1 overexpression and sensitize breast cancer cells to cisplatin and carboplatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 5768–5772
Bruhn SL, Pil PM, Essigmann JM, Housman DE, Lippard SJ (1992) Isolation and characterization of human cDNA clones encoding a high mobility group box protein that recognizes structural distortions to DNA caused by binding of the anticancer agent cisplatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2307–2311
Yarnell AT, Oh S, Reinberg D, Lippard SJ (2001) Interaction of FACT, SSRP1, and the high mobility group (HMG) domain of SSRP1 with DNA damaged by the anticancer drug cisplatin. J Biol Chem 276: 25736–25741
Shaul Y (2000) C-Abl: Activation and nuclear targets. Cell Death Differ 7: 10–16
Gong JG, Costanzo A, Yang HQ, Melino G, Kaelin WG Jr, Levrero M, Wang JY (1999) The tyrosine kinase c-Abl regulates p73 in apoptotic response to cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Nature 399: 806–809
Machuy N, Rajalingam K, Rudel T (2004) Requirement of caspase-mediated cleavage of c-Abl during stress-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 11: 290–300
Kharbanda S, Pandey P,Yamauchi T, Kumar S, Kaneki M, Kumar V, Bharti A,Yuan ZM, Ghanem L, Rana A et al (2000) Activation of MEK kinase 1 by the c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 20: 4979–4989
Pandey P, Raingeaud J, Kaneki M, Weichselbaum R, Davis RJ, Kufe D, Kharbanda S (1996) Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by c-Abl-dependent and-independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 271: 23775–23779
Aird RE, Cummings J, Ritchie AA, Muir M, Morris RE, Chen H, Sadler PJ, Jodrell DI (2002) In vitro and in vivo activity and cross resistance profiles of novel ruthenium (II) organometallic arene complexes in human ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 86: 1652–1657
Hartinger CG, Zorbas-Seifried S, Jakupec MA, Kynast B, Zorbas H, Keppler BK (2006) From bench to bedside-Preclinical and early clinical development of the anticancer agent indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019 or FFC14A). J Inorg Biochem 100: 891–904
Bergamo A, Sava G (2007) Ruthenium complexes can target determinants of tumour malignancy. Dalton Trans 13: 1267–1272
d’Adda di Fagagna F, Hande MP, Tong WM, Lansdorp PM, Wang ZQ, Jackson SP (1999) Functions of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in controlling telomere length and chromosomal stability. Nat Genet 23: 76–80
Jagtap P, Szabo C (2005) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the therapeutic effects of its inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4: 421–440
Dantzer F, Schreiber V, Niedergang C, Trucco C, Flatter E, De La Rubia G, Oliver J, Rolli V, Menissier-de Murcia J, de Murcia G (1999) Involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in base excision repair. Biochimie 81: 69–75
Boulton S, Kyle S, Durkacz BW (1999) Interactive effects of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and DNA-dependent protein kinase on cellular responses to DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 20: 199–203
El-Khamisy SF, Masutani M, Suzuki H, Caldecott KW (2003) A requirement for PARP-1 for the assembly or stability of XRCC1 nuclear foci at sites of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 5526–5533
D’silva I, Pelletier JD, Lagueux J, D’Amours D, Chaudhry MA, Weinfeld M, Lees-Miller SP, Poirier GG (1999) Relative affinities of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and DNA-dependent protein kinase for DNA strand interruptions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1430: 119–126
Noel G, Giocanti N, Fernet M, Megnin-Chanet F, Favaudon V (2003) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) is not involved in DNA double-strand break recovery. BMC Cell Biol 4: 7–17
Yang YG, Cortes U, Patnaik S, Jasin M, Wang ZQ (2004) Ablation of PARP-1 does not interfere with the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, but compromises the reactivation of stalled replication forks. Oncogene 23: 3872–3882
de Murcia JM, Niedergang C, Trucco C, Ricoul M, Dutrillaux B, Mark M, Oliver FJ, Masson M, Dierich A, LeMeur M et al (1997) Requirement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in recovery from DNA damage in mice and in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 7303–7307
Wang ZQ, Stingl L, Morrison C, Jantsch M, Los M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Wagner EF (1997) PARP 228 R. Sanchez-Olea et al. is important for genomic stability but dispensable in apoptosis. Genes Dev 11: 2347–2358
Conde C, Mark M, Oliver FJ, Huber A, de Murcia G, Menissier-de Murcia J (2001) Loss of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 causes increased tumour latency in p53-deficient mice. EMBO J 20: 3535–3543
Schultz N, Lopez E, Saleh-Gohari N, Helleday T (2003) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) has a controlling role in homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 4959–4964
Arnaudeau C, Lundin C, Helleday T (2001) DNA double-strand breaks associated with replication forks are predominantly repaired by homologous recombination involving an exchange mechanism in mammalian cells. J Mol Biol 307: 1235–1245
Haber JE (1999) DNA recombination: The replication connection. Trends Biochem Sci 24: 271–275
Symington LS (2005) Focus on recombinational DNA repair. EMBO Rep 6: 512–517
Tutt A, Ashworth A (2002) The relationship between the roles of BRCA genes in DNA repair and cancer predisposition. Trends Mol Med 8: 571–576
Moynahan ME, Pierce AJ, Jasin M (2001) BRCA2 is required for homology-directed repair of chromosomal breaks. Mol Cell 7: 263–272
Moynahan ME, Chiu JW, Koller BH, Jasin M (1999) Brca1 controls homology-directed DNA repair. Mol Cell 4: 511–518
Davies OR, Pellegrini L (2007) Interaction with the BRCA2 C terminus protects RAD51-DNA filaments from disassembly by BRC repeats. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14: 475–483
Esashi F, Galkin VE, Yu X, Egelman EH, West SC (2007) Stabilization of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments by the C-terminal region of BRCA2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14: 468–474
Gudmundsdottir K, Ashworth A (2006) The roles of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and associated proteins in the maintenance of genomic stability. Oncogene 25: 5864–5874
Bryant HE, Schultz N, Thomas HD, Parker KM, Flower D, Lopez E, Kyle S, Meuth M, Curtin NJ, Helleday T (2005) Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADPribose) polymerase. Nature 434: 913–917
Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt AN, Johnson DA, Richardson TB, Santarosa M, Dillon KJ, Hickson I, Knights C et al (2005) Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature 434: 917–921
Kraakman-van der Zwet M, Overkamp WJ, van Lange RE, Essers J, van Duijn-Goedhart A, Wiggers I, Swaminathan S, van Buul PP, Errami A et al (2002) Brca2 (XRCC11) deficiency results in radioresistant DNA synthesis and a higher frequency of spontaneous deletions. Mol Cell Biol 22: 669–679
Lindahl T (1993) Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 362: 709–715
Griffin CS, Simpson PJ, Wilson CR, Thacker J (2000) Mammalian recombination-repair genes XRCC2 and XRCC3 promote correct chromosome segregation. Nat Cell Biol 2: 757–761
Tebbs RS, Zhao Y, Tucker JD, Scheerer JB, Siciliano MJ, Hwang M, Liu N, Legerski RJ, Thompson LH (1995) Correction of chromosomal instability and sensitivity to diverse mutagens by a cloned cDNA of the XRCC3 DNA repair gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6354–6358
Venkitaraman AR (2002) Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell 108: 171–182
Gallmeier E, Kern SE (2005) Absence of specific cell killing of the BRCA2-deficient human cancer cell line CAPAN1 by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 4: 703–706
McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt AN, Martin NM, Smith GC, Ashworth A (2005) BRCA2-deficient CAPAN-1 cells are extremely sensitive to the inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: An issue of potency. Cancer Biol Ther 4: 934–936
Edwards SL, Brough R, Lord CJ, Natrajan R, Vatcheva R, Levine DA, Boyd J, Reis-Filho JS, Ashworth A (2008) Resistance to therapy caused by intragenic deletion in BRCA2. Nature 451: 1111–1115
Yuan SS, Lee SY, Chen G, Song M, Tomlinson GE, Lee EY (1999) BRCA2 is required for ionizing radiation-induced assembly of Rad51 complex in vivo. Cancer Res 59: 3547–3551
Bhattacharyya A, Ear US, Koller BH, Weichselbaum RR, Bishop DK (2000) The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 is required for subnuclear assembly of Rad51 and survival following treatment with the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin. J Biol Chem 275: 23899–23903
Sakai W, Swisher EM, Karlan BY, Agarwal MK, Higgins J, Friedman C, Villegas E, Jacquemont C, Farrugia DJ, Couch FJ et al (2008) Secondary mutations as a mechanism of cisplatin resistance in BRCA2-mutated cancers. Nature 451: 1116–1120
Lindqvist A, Kallstrom H, Lundgren A, Barsoum E, Rosenthal CK (2005) Cdc25B cooperates with Cdc25A to induce mitosis but has a unique role in activating cyclin B1-Cdk1 at the centrosome. J Cell Biol 171: 35–45
Paulovich AG, Toczyski DP, Hartwell LH (1997) When checkpoints fail. Cell 88: 315–321
Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC (1991) P53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253: 49–53
Peng CY, Graves PR, Thoma RS, Wu Z, Shaw AS, Piwnica-Worms H (1997) Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: Regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216. Science 277: 1501–1505
Sanchez Y, Wong C, Thoma RS, Richman R, Wu Z, Piwnica-Worms H, Elledge SJ (1997) Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: Linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science 277: 1497–1501
Abraham RT (2001) Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. Genes Dev 15: 2177–2196
Mailand N, Podtelejnikov AV, Groth A, Mann M, Bartek J, Lukas J (2002) Regulation of G(2)/M events by Cdc25A through phosphorylation-dependent modulation of its stability. EMBO J 21: 5911–5920
Zhao H, Watkins JL, Piwnica-Worms H (2002) Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 14795–14800
Xiao Z, Chen Z, Gunasekera AH, Sowin TJ, Rosenberg SH, Fesik S, Zhang H (2003) Chk1 mediates S and G2 arrests through Cdc25A degradation in response to DNA-damaging agents. J Biol Chem 278: 21767–21773
Sarkaria JN, Busby EC, Tibbetts RS, Roos P, Taya Y, Karnitz LM, Abraham RT (1999) Inhibition of ATM and ATR kinase activities by the radiosensitizing agent, caffeine. Cancer Res 59: 4375–4382
Lau CC, Pardee AB (1982) Mechanism by which caffeine potentiates lethality of nitrogen mustard. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 2942–2946
Fingert HJ, Chang JD, Pardee AB (1986) Cytotoxic, cell cycle, and chromosomal effects of methylxanthines in human tumor cells treated with alkylating agents. Cancer Res 46: 2463–2467
Powell SN, DeFrank JS, Connell P, Eogan M, Preffer F, Dombkowski D, Tang W, Friend S (1995) Differential sensitivity of p53(-) and p53(+) cells to caffeine-induced radiosensitization and override of G2 delay. Cancer Res 55: 1643–1648
Lock RB, Galperina OV, Feldhoff RC, Rhodes LJ (1994) Concentration-dependent differences in the mechanisms by which caffeine potentiates etoposide cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. Cancer Res 54: 4933–4939
Fan S, Smith ML, Rivet DJ, 2nd, Duba D, Zhan Q, Kohn KW, Fornace AJ Jr, O’Connor PM (1995) Disruption of p53 function sensitizes breast cancer MCF-7 cells to cisplatin and pentoxifylline. Cancer Res 55: 1649–1654
Serafin AM, Binder AB, Bohm L (2001) Chemosensitivity of prostatic tumour cell lines under conditions of G2 block abrogation. Urol Res 29: 221–227
Busby EC, Leistritz DF, Abraham RT, Karnitz LM, Sarkaria JN (2000) The radiosensitizing agent 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) inhibits the DNA damage checkpoint kinase hChk1. Cancer Res 60: 2108–2112
Graves PR, Yu L, Schwarz JK, Gales J, Sausville EA, O’Connor PM, Piwnica-Worms H (2000) The Chk1 protein kinase and the Cdc25C regulatory pathways are targets of the anticancer agent UCN-01. J Biol Chem 275: 5600–5605
Yu Q, La Rose J, Zhang H, Takemura H, Kohn KW, Pommier Y (2002) UCN-01 inhibits p53 upregulation and abrogates gamma-radiation-induced G(2)-M checkpoint independently of p53 by targeting both of the checkpoint kinases, Chk2 and Chk1. Cancer Res 62: 5743–5748
Sato S, Fujita N, Tsuruo T (2002) Interference with PDK1-Akt survival signaling pathway by UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine). Oncogene 21: 1727–1738
Reinhardt HC, Aslanian AS, Lees JA, Yaffe MB (2007) P53-deficient cells rely on ATM-and ATR-mediated checkpoint signaling through the p38MAPK/MK2 pathway for survival after DNA damage. Cancer Cell 11: 175–189
Wang Q, Fan S, Eastman A,Worland PJ, Sausville EA, O’Connor PM (1996) UCN-01: A potent abrogator of G2 checkpoint function in cancer cells with disrupted p53. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 956–965
R. Sanchez-Olea et al. 119 Yao SL, Akhtar AJ, McKenna KA, Bedi GC, Sidransky D, Mabry M, Ravi R, Collector MI, Jones RJ, Sharkis SJ et al (1996) Selective radiosensitization of p53-deficient cells by caffeine-mediated activation of p34cdc2 kinase. Nat Med 2: 1140–1143
Bulavin DV, Higashimoto Y, Popoff IJ, Gaarde WA, Basrur V, Potapova O, Appella E, Fornace AJ Jr, (2001) Initiation of a G2/M checkpoint after ultraviolet radiation requires p38 kinase. Nature 411: 102–107
Mikhailov A, Shinohara M, Rieder CL (2004) Topoisomerase II and histone deacetylase inhibitors delay the G2/M transition by triggering the p38 MAPK checkpoint pathway. J Cell Biol 166: 517–526
Karlsson C, Katich S, Hagting A, Hoffmann I, Pines J (1999) Cdc25B and Cdc25C differ markedly in their properties as initiators of mitosis. J Cell Biol 146: 573–584
Bulavin DV, Amundson SA, Fornace AJ (2002) P38 and Chk1 kinases: Different conductors for the G(2)/M checkpoint symphony. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12: 92–97
Manke IA, Nguyen A, Lim D, Stewart MQ, Elia AE, Yaffe MB (2005) MAPKAP kinase-2 is a cell cycle checkpoint kinase that regulates the G2/M transition and S phase progression in response to UV irradiation. Mol Cell 17: 37–48
Gorgoulis VG, Vassiliou LV, Karakaidos P, Zacharatos P, Kotsinas A, Liloglou T, Venere M, Ditullio RA Jr, Kastrinakis NG, Levy B et al (2005) Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature 434: 907–913
Bartkova J, Horejsi Z, Koed K, Kramer A, Tort F, Zieger K, Guldberg P, Sehested M, Nesland JM, Lukas C et al (2005) DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature 434: 864–870
Halazonetis TD, Gorgoulis VG, Bartek J (2008) An oncogene-induced DNA damage model for cancer development. Science 319: 1352–1355
Bartkova J, Rezaei N, Liontos M, Karakaidos P, Kletsas D, Issaeva N, Vassiliou LV, Kolettas E, Niforou K, Zoumpourlis VC et al (2006) Oncogene-induced senescence is part of the tumorigenesis barrier imposed by DNA damage checkpoints. Nature 444: 633–637
Di Micco R, Fumagalli M, Cicalese A, Piccinin S, Gasparini P, Luise C, Schurra C, Garre M, Nuciforo PG, Bensimon A et al (2006) Oncogene-induced senescence is a DNA damage response triggered by DNA hyper-replication. Nature 444: 638–642
Greenman C, Stephens P, Smith R, Dalgliesh GL, Hunter C, Bignell G, Davies H, Teague J, Butler A, Stevens C et al (2007) Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature 446: 153–158
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Birkhäuser Verlag/Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sánchez-Olea, R., Calera, M.R., Degterev, A. (2009). Molecular pathways involved in cell death after chemically induced DNA damage. In: Luch, A. (eds) Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Experientia Supplementum, vol 99. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_8
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-8335-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-7643-8336-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)