Abstract
The neural representation of reaching movements in the motor cortex of the monkey is discussed with respect to the coding of the direction of movement in the activity of single cells and neuronal populations. This code is then used to monitor the processing of directional information in various contexts involving delayed movements or directional transformations. Finally, some implications of these findings for the role of the motor cortex in planning and execution of reaching movements are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, G.E. and Crutcher, M.D. (1990a) Preparation for movement: neural representation of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 64: 133–150.
Alexander, G.E. and Crutcher, M.D. (1990b) Neural representations of the target (goal) of visually guided arm movements in three motor areas of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 64: 164–178.
Caminiti, R., Johnson, P.B., Urbano, A. (1990) Making arm movements within different parts of space: Dymanic aspects in the primate motor cortex. J. Neurosci., 10: 2039–2058.
Caminiti, R., Johnson, P.B., Galli, C., Ferraina, S., Burnod, Y., Urbano, A. (1991) Making arm movements within different parts of space: the premotor and motor cortical representation of a coordinate system for reaching at visual targets. J. Neurosci., 11: 1182–1197.
Chen, D.-F., Hyland, B., Maier, V., Palmeri, A., Wiesendanger, M. (1991) Comparison of neural activity in the supplementary motor area and in the primary motor cortex in monkeys. Somatosensory Motor Res., 8: 27–44.
Cheney, P.D. and Fetz, E.E. (1980) Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. J. Neurophysiol., 44: 773–791.
Cooper, S.E., Martin, J.H., Sybirska, E., Brennan, J., Ghez, C. (1989) Effects of motor cortex inactivation on forelimb motor control in the cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15: 789.
Darian-Smith, C., Darian-Smith, I., Cheema, S.S. (1990) Thalamic projections to sensorimotor cortex in the macaque monkey: use of multiple retrograde fluorescent tracers. J. Comp. Neurol., 299: 17–46.
Dum, R.P. and Strick, P.L. (1991) The origin of corticospinal projections from premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J. Neurosci., 11: 667–689.
Eguibar, J.R., Quevedo, J., Jiménez, I., Rudomin, P. (1991) Selective modulation of the PAD of single la and lb afferents produced by surface stimulation of the motor cortex in the cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 17: 1024.
Evarts, E.V. (1966) Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol, 29: 1011–1027.
Evarts, E.V. (1981) Motor cortex and voluntary movement. In Handbook of Physiology, sect. 1, vol. II, part 2, J.M. Brookhart, V.B. Mountcastle, V.B. Brooks, S.R. Geiger, Amer. Physiol. Soc., Bethesda, MD, pp. 1083–1120.
Favilla, M., Hening, W., Ghez, C. (1989) Trajectory control in targeted force impulses. VI. Independent specification of response amplitude and direction. Exp. Brain Res., 75: 280–294.
Fetz, E.E. (1984) Functional organization of motor and sensory cortex: symmetries and parallels. In Dynamic aspects of neocortical function, G.M. Edelman, W.M. Cowan and W.E. Gall (eds) Wiley, New York, pp. 453–473.
Fortier, P.A., Kalaska, J.F., Smith, A.M. (1989) Cerebellar neuronal activity related to whole-arm reaching movements in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 62: 198–211.
Georgopoulos, A.P. (1990) Neurophysiology and reaching. In Attention and Performance XIII, M. Jeannerod (ed), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 227–263.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Caminiti, R., Kalaska, J.F., Massey, J.T. (1983) Spatial coding of movement: A hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations. Exp. Brain Res. Suppl., 7: 327–336.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Crutcher, M.D., Schwartz, A.B. (1989a) Cognitive spatial motor processes. 3. Motor cortical prediction of movement direction during an instructed delay period. Exp. Brain Res., 75: 183–194.
Georgopoulos, A.P. and Grillner, S. (1989) Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion. Science, 245: 1209–1210.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Kalaska, J.F., Caminiti, R. and Massey, J.T. (1982) On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J. Neurosci., 2: 1527–1537.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Kalaska, J.F., Crutcher, M.D., Caminiti R., Massey, J.T. (1984) The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: Single cell and population studies. In Dynamic aspects of neocortical function, G.M. Edelman, W.M. Cowan and W.E. Gall (eds) Wiley, New York, pp. 501–524.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Kettner, R.E. and Schwartz, A.B. (1988) Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of thedirection of movement by a neuronal population. J. Neurosci., 8: 2928–2937.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Lurito, J., Petrides, M., Schwartz, A.B., Massey, J.T. (1989) Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science, 243: 234–236.
Georgopoulos, A.P. and Massey, J.T. (1987) Cognitive spatial-motor processes. 1. The making of movements at various angles from a stimulus direction. Exp. Brain Res., 65: 361–370.
Georgopoulos, A.P., Schwartz, A.B., Kettner, R.E. (1986) Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science, 233: 1416–1419.
Gibson, A.R., Houk, J.C., Kohlerman, N.J. (1985) Relation between red nucleus discharge and movement parameters in trained macaque monkeys. J. Physiol. (London), 358: 551–570.
Gelfand, I.M., Orlovsky, G.N., Shik, M.L. (1988) Locomotion and scratching in tetrapods. In: Neural control of rhythmic movements in vertebrates, Cohen, A.H., Rossignol, S., Grillner, S. (eds), Wiley, New York, pp. 167–199.
Grillner, S., Buchanan, J.T., Walli, P., Brodin, L. (1988) Neural control of locomotion in lower vertebrates: from behavior to ionic mechanisms. In: Neural control of rhythmic movements in vertebrates, Cohen, A.H., Rossignol, S., Grillner, S. (eds), Wiley, New York, pp. 1–40.
Hening, W., Favilla, M., Ghez, C. (1988) Trajectory control in targeted force impulses. V. Gradual specification of response amplitude. Exp. Brain Res., 71: 116–128.
Kalaska, J.F. (1988) The representation of arm movements in postcentral and parietal cortex. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 66: 455–463.
Kalaska, J.F., Caminiti, R., Georgopoulos, A.P. (1983) Cortical mechanisms related to the direction of two-dimensional arm movements: Relations in parietal area 5 and comparison with motor cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 51: 247–260.
Kalaska, J.F., Cohen, D.A.D., Hyde, M.L., Prud’homme, M. (1989) A comparison of movement direction-related versus load direction-related activity in primate motor cortex, using a two-dimensional reaching task. J. Neurosci., 9: 2080–2102.
Kane, S.A., Goodkin, H.P., Keating, J.G., Thach, W.T. (1989) Incoordination in attempted reaching and pinching after inactivation of cerebellar dentate nucleus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15: 52.
Karluk, D. and Ebner, T.J. (1989) Spatial representation of movement distance and direction in the premotor cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15: 787.
Lemon, R.N., Mantel, G.W.H., Muir, R.B. (1986) Corticospinal facilitation of hand muscles during voluntary movement in the conscious monkey. J. Physiol. (London) 381: 497–527.
Lundberg, A. (1979) Integration in a propriospinal motor centre controlling the forelimb in the cat. In: Integration in the Nervous System, Asanuma, H. and Wilson, V.J. (eds), Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo, pp. 47–69.
Lurito, J.L., Georgakopoulos, T., Georgopoulos, A.P. (1991) Cognitive spatial-motor processes. 7. The making of movements at an angle from a stimulus direction: studies of motor cortical activity at the single cell and population levels. Exp. Brain Res., in press.
Mountcastle, V.B., Lynch, J.C., Georgopoulos, A.P., Sakata, H., and Acuna, C. (1975) Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. J. Neurophysiol., 38: 871–908.
Park, S.-K., Wang, J.-J., Kim, J.H., Ebner, T.J. (1987) Movement fields of neurons in the premotor cortex of the primate. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13: 1095.
Park, S.-K., Kim, J.H., Ebner, T.J. (1988) Evaluation of motor parameters in the premovement discharge of premotor cortical neurons during two-dimensional movements. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14: 343.
Pellizzer, G., Massey, J.T., Bains, H., Georgopoulos, A.P. (1991) Are there common processing constraints for visuomotor and perceptual mental rotations? Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 17: 1226.
Ricci, G., Doane. B., Jasper, H. (1957) Microelectrode studies of conditioning: technique and preliminary results. In: Volume publii a Voccasion du IV6 Congris International d Electro-enciphalographie et de Neurophysiologie clinique et de la VllIe Reunion de la Ligue internationale contre I’Epilepsie, pp. 401–415.
Rosenbaum, D. A. (1980) Human movement initiation: specification of arm, direction, and extent. J. Exp. Psychol.: General, 109: 444–474.
Rudomin, P. (1990a) Presynaptic control of synaptic effectiveness of muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents in the mammalian spinal cord. In: The segmental motor control, Binder, M. and Mendell, L.M. (eds), Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp. 349–380.
Rudomin, P. (1990b) Presynaptic inhibition of muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents in the mammalian spinal cord. Trends in Neurosci, 13: 499–505.
Rudomin, P., Solodkin, M., Jiménez, I. (1986) PAD and PAH response patterns of group la- and lb-fibers to cuteneous and descending inputs in the cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol., 56: 987–1006.
Schwartz, A.B. and Georgopoulos, A.P. (1987) Relations between the amplitude of 2-dimensional arm movements and single cell discharge in primate motor cortex. Soc. NeuroscL Abstr., 13: 244.
Schwartz, A.B., Kettner, R.E., Georgopoulos, A.P. (1988) Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement. J. Neurosci., 8: 2913–2927.
Shepard, R.N. and Cooper, L. (1982) Mental images and their transformations, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
Smyrnis, N., Ashe, J., Taira, M., Lurito, J.T. and Georgopoulos, A.P. (1991) Motor cortical cell activity in a memorized delay task. Soc. NeuroscL Abstr., 17: 308.
Soechting, J.F. and Flanders, M. (1989) Sensorimotor representations for pointing to targets in three-dimensional space. J. Neurophysiol, 62: 582–594.
Soechting, J.F. and Lacquaniti, F. (1981) Invariant characteristics of a pointing movement in man. J. Neurosci., 1: 710–720.
Steinmetz, M.A., Motter, B.C., Duffy, C.J., Mountcastle, V.B. (1987) Functional properties of parietal visual neurons: Radial organization of directionalities within the visual field. J. Neurosci., 7: 177–191.
Taira, M., Ashe, J., Smyrnis, N., Georgopoulos, A.P. (1991) Motor cortical cell activity in a visually guided isometric force task. Soc. NeuroscL Abstr., 17: 308.
Tanji, J. and Evarts, E.V. (1976) Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement. J. Neurophysiol., 39: 1062–1068.
Tanji, J. and Kurata, K. (1985) Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. I. Responses to instructions determining motor responses to forthcoming signals of different modalities. J. Neurophysiol., 53: 129–141.
Thach, W.T. (1978) Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol., 41: 654–676.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Georgopoulos, A.P. (1993). Cortical Representation of Intended Movements. In: Rudomin, P., Arbib, M.A., Cervantes-Pérez, F., Romo, R. (eds) Neuroscience: From Neural Networks to Artificial Intelligence. Research Notes in Neural Computing, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78102-5_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78102-5_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-56501-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78102-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive