Abstract
Error Correcting Output Codes reveal an efficient strategy in dealing with multi-class classification problems. According to this technique, a multi-class problem is decomposed into several binary ones. On these created sub-problems we apply binary classifiers and then, by combining the acquired solutions, we are able to solve the initial multi-class problem. In this paper we consider the optimization of the Linear Discriminant Error Correcting Output Codes framework using Particle Swarm Optimization. In particular, we apply the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm in order to optimally select the free parameters that control the split of the initial problem’s classes into sub-classes. Moreover, by using the Support Vector Machine as classifier we can additionally apply the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to tune its free parameters. Our experimental results show that by applying Particle Swarm Optimization on the Sub-class Linear Discriminant Error Correcting Output Codes framework we get a significant improvement in the classification performance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allwein, E.L., Schapire, R.E., Singer, Y.: Reducing Multi-class to Binary: A Unifying Approach for Margin Classifiers. Journal of Machine Learning Research 1, 113–141 (2002)
Arvanitopoulos, N., Bouzas, D., Tefas, A.: Subclass Error Correcting Output Codes Using Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Ratio. In: 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2010) , pp. 2953–2956 (2010)
Chang, C.C., Lin, C.J.: LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines (2001), http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm
Cortes, C., Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks. Machine Learning 20, 273–297 (1995)
Dietterich, T.G., Bakiri, G.: Solving Multi-class Learning Problems via Error-Correcting Output Codes. Journal of Machine Learning Research 2, 263–282 (1995)
Eberhart, R.C., Shi, Y.: Computational Intelligence (2007)
Escalera, S., Tax, D.M.J., Pujol, O., Radeva, P., Duin, R.P.W.: Subclass Problem-Dependent Design for Error-Correcting Output Codes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 30(6), 1041–1054 (2008)
Frank, A., Asuncion, A.: UCI Machine Learning Repository (2010), http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml
Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R.C.: Particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference On Neural Networks, Perth, Australia, vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948 (1995)
Kittler, J., Ghaderi, R., Windeatt, T., Matas, J.: Face verification using error correcting output codes. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2001, vol. 1 (2001)
Kong, E.B., Dietterich, T.G.: Error-Correcting Output Coding Corrects Bias and Variance. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 313–321 (1995)
Pudil, P., Ferri, F.J., Novovicova, J., Kittler, J.: Floating Search Methods for Feature Selection with Non-monotonic Criterion Functions. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 279–283 (March 1994)
Pujol, O., Radeva, P., Vitria, J.: Discriminant ECOC: A Heuristic Method for Application Dependent Design of Error Correcting Output Codes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 6, 1001–1007 (2006)
Rudin, C., Daubechies, I., Schapire, R.E.: The Dynamics of Adaboost: Cyclic Behavior and Convergence of Margins. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 5, 1557–1595 (2004)
Shi, Y., Eberhart, R.C.: Empirical study of particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 1999 (1999)
Windeatt, T., Ardeshir, G.: Boosted ECOC ensembles for face recognition. In: International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, VIE 2003, pp. 165–168 (2003)
Zhou, J., Suen, C.Y.: Unconstrained Numeral Pair Recognition Using Enhanced Error Correcting Output Coding: A Holistic Approach. In: Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 0, pp. 484–488 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bouzas, D., Arvanitopoulos, N., Tefas, A. (2011). Optimizing Linear Discriminant Error Correcting Output Codes Using Particle Swarm Optimization. In: Honkela, T., Duch, W., Girolami, M., Kaski, S. (eds) Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2011. ICANN 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6792. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21738-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21738-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-21737-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-21738-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)